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Data Structures: Classifying The Various Types of Data Sets

This document discusses different types of data structures including univariate, bivariate, quantitative, qualitative, time-series, and cross-sectional data. It provides examples of each type of data structure and how variables can be measured. Different sources of data are also covered, distinguishing between primary data collected directly and secondary data previously collected by others.

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vijaypalsingh
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264 views

Data Structures: Classifying The Various Types of Data Sets

This document discusses different types of data structures including univariate, bivariate, quantitative, qualitative, time-series, and cross-sectional data. It provides examples of each type of data structure and how variables can be measured. Different sources of data are also covered, distinguishing between primary data collected directly and secondary data previously collected by others.

Uploaded by

vijaypalsingh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Data Structures: Classifying


the Various Types of Data Sets
Data Structure Elements
 Data Set:
 Measurements of items
 e.g., Yearly sales volume for your 23
salespeople
 e.g., Cost and number produced, daily, for
the past month
 Elementary Units:
 The items being measured
 e.g., Salespeople, Days, Companies,
Catalogs, …
 A Variable:
How Many Variables?
 Univariate data set: One variable
measured for each elementary unit
 e.g., Sales for the top 30 computer
companies.
 Can do: Typical summary, diversity,
special features
 Bivariate data set: Two variables
 e.g., Sales and # Employees for top 30
computer firms
 Can also do: relationship, prediction
Numbers or Categories?
 Quantitative Variable: Meaningful
numbers
 e.g., Sales, # Employees
 Can add, rank, count

 Qualitative Variable: Categories


 Ordinal Variable: Categories with
meaningful ordering
 e.g., Bond rating (AA, A, B, …), Diamonds
(VSI, SI, …)
 Can rank, count
Time-Series or Cross-
Sectional?
 Time-Series Data: Data values
recorded in meaningful sequence
 Elementary units might be days or
quarters or years
 e.g., Daily Dow-Jones stock market
average close for the past 90 days
 e.g., Your firm’s quarterly sales over the
past 5 years
 Cross-Sectional Data: No
meaningful sequence
Example

Firm Sales Industry Group S&P Rating


IBM 66,346 Office Equipment A
Exxon 59,023 Fuel A-
GE 40,482 Conglomerates A+
AT&T 34,357 Telecommunications A-
Cr
Example
o s s - (continued)
Sec t i o nal
Multivariate Data (3
Firm Sales
variables)
Industry Group S&P Rating
IBM 66,346 Office Equipment A
Exxon 59,023 Fuel A-
GE 40,482 Conglomerates A+
AT&T 34,357 Telecommunications A-

Elementary Quantitative Nominal Ordinal


units variable Qualitative Qualitative
variable variable
Example
Year Small Business Administration
Budget ($ Millions)
1995 677
1996 873
1997 333
1998 -77
1999 57
2000 287
Time
s
Example
serie
Year Small Business Administration
Budget ($ Millions)
1995 677
1996 873
1997 333
1998 -77
1999 57
2000 287

Elementary unit Quantitative data


defined by “year”
Stock Market – Time
Series
 S&P Stock Index, monthly since 1925
1,600

1,400
1,200
S&P stock market index

1,000

800
600

400
200

0
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year
Sources of Data
 Primary Data
• When you control the design and data
collection
 Production data from your factory

 Your firm’s marketing studies

 Secondary Data
• When you use data previously collected
by others for their own purposes
 Government data: economics and
demographics

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