Physics Unit 0: Physics and its Mathematics

What is Physics?

Physics Physics is the study of the most fundamental interactions between time, space, energy and matter.
VCU Department of Physics

Science develops through the use of hypotheses, models, and theories. Explanations of how things work.

Physics Unit 0: Physics and its Mathematics

Physics Unit 0: Physics and its Mathematics

Physics Unit 0: Physics and its Mathematics

Physics in action

Physics Unit 0: Physics and its Mathematics

Physics Classroom Flickr Galleries: Kinematics:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/physicsclassroom/galleries/72157625424161192/

Newtons Laws of Motion:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/physicsclassroom/galleries/72157625278916478/with/3 521203176/

Projectile Motion:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/physicsclassroom/galleries/72157625381723822/#phot o_4902799284

Work, Energy & Power:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/physicsclassroom/galleries/72157625199307955/

Physics Unit 0: Physics and its Mathematics

Unit Objectives:
Students will be able to 1. Understand the Areas of Physics and Course Topics 2. Review Algebra Skills needed for success 3. Significant Figures - Understand and apply Significant Figures in calculations 4. Dimensional Analysis - Perform Dimensional Analysis of measurement units and their conversion

Physics Lesson 1: Course Topics

Planned
First Nine Weeks
0. Introduction 1. Motion in One Dimension 2. Two Dimensional Motion 3. Force and Newtons Laws 4. Work, Energy and Power 5. Momentum and Collisions

Second Nine Weeks

6. Rotational Motion and Gravity 7. Vibrations and Mech. Waves 8. Light and EM Waves Properties 9. Electrostatics 10. Magnetism 11. Modern Physics

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Physics Lesson 1: Algebra Review

Lesson Objectives Students will be able to Review and practice algebra skills needed for success

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Physics Lesson 1: Algebra Review

MATH PRE TEST!

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Physics

Units of Measure:

Physics uses the International System of Units (SI) to measure most physical quantities and perform most of its calculations.

Physics

Fundamental Units
Quantity length mass time electric current temperature amount of sub. luminous int.

Unit meter (m) kilogram (kg) second (s) ampere (A) Kelvin (K) mole (mol) candela (cd)

Physics

meter (m) length kilogram (kg) mass second (s) time

These three units make up a subset call the MKS system.

Physics

A derived unit is a combination of fundamental units.

2 m/s
2 Kgm/s

Units like cm or m3 are not derived units.

Physics

Fig. T1.4, p.5

Slide 17

Physics

All units except the kilogram are defined in terms of natural phenomena. The kilogram is the mass of a platinum-iridium metal cylinder.

Physics

Fig. 1.1a, p.4

Slide 19

Physics

Unit definitions:
1 meter is the distance light travels in 1/299 792 458 second in a vacuum. 1 second is the time for 9 192 631 770 vibrations of a cesium-133 atom

Physics

Cascade Atomic Clock

Fig. 1.1b, p.4

Slide 21

Physics

All measurements are subject to uncertainty. These can be due to the expertise of the investigator, the instrument, and parallax.

Physics

Parallax is the apparent shift in the position of an object when it is viewed from various angles.

Physics

Page 15

Mr. Huff - NKHS - 2010/2011

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Physics Lesson 2: Significant Figures Review

Lesson Objectives Students will be able to Understand and apply Significant Figures in measurements and calculations

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Physics Lesson 2: Significant Figures Review

Significant Figures
Challenge solve the following problem...
A 7,560 kg car traveled at a constant speed for 1.80 hours over a distance of 22.06 kilometers. What is the cars average momentum if: momentum = mass x speed

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Physics Lesson 2: Significant Figures Review

Significant Figures
Communicating our uncertainty ...
Rules for zeros - how do we count zeros? Rules for operations how do we round?

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Physics Lesson 2: Significant Figures Review

Significant Figures
Rules for zeros:
Rules for Zeros Examples

Non-zero digits are always significant All final zeros after the decimal point are significant Zeros between two other sig dig are always significant.

103.230002 12.740 ; 0.0420 10.0 ; 2004 ; 6.000

Zeros used for spacing the decimal point are 100 ; .00000233 not (?) significant
Complete the Worksheet Problems
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Physics Lesson 2: Significant Figures Review

Significant Figures
Rules for operations and rounding:
If you add or subtract, round answer to same number of decimal places as the term with the least number of decimal places. If you multiply or divide two numbers, round answer to the number of significant figures as the term with the fewest sig digs.
Complete the Worksheet Problems
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Physics

Do the addition 22.4 +10.6895 33.0895 0.00259 +2.5 2.50259 2.5

33.1

Physics

12.06 X 7.1 0.02471 X 3 200.1 X 0.0025

85.626 0.07413 0.50025

86 0.07 0.50

Physics Lesson 2: Significant Figures Review

Scientific Notation
How many significant figures does the measurement of 100 mm have? However, what if whoever performed the measurement was accurate to within 1 mm?
To eliminate possible confusion, we can report the above measurement as 1.00 x 102 mm.

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Physics What is scientific Notation?

Scientific notation is a way of expressing really big numbers or really small numbers. It is most often used in scientific calculations where the analysis must be very precise.

Scientific Notation slides from presentation by Jenny Erickson

Physics Scientific notation consists of two parts:

A number between 1 and 10
A power of 10

N x 10x

Physics

Changing standard form to scientific notation.

Physics To change standard form to scientific notation

Place the decimal point so that there is one non-zero digit to the left of the decimal point. Count the number of decimal places the decimal point has moved from the original number. This will be the exponent on the 10.

Physics Continued
If the original number was less than 1, then the exponent is negative. If the original number was greater than 1, then the exponent is positive.

Physics Example 1
Given: 289,800,000 Use: 2.898 (moved 8 places) Answer: 2.898 x 108

Physics Example 2
Given: 0.000567 Use: 5.67 (moved 4 places) Answer: 5.67 x 10-4

Physics To change scientific notation to standard form

Simply move the decimal point to the right for positive exponent 10. Move the decimal point to the left for negative exponent 10. (Use zeros to fill in places.)

Physics Example 3
Given: 5.093 x 106 Answer: 5,093,000 (moved 6 places to the right)

Physics Example 4
Given: 1.976 x 10-4 Answer: 0.0001976 (moved 4 places to the left)

Physics

Precision
Precision is the degree of exactness to which the measurement of a quantity can be reproduced.

Physics

Precision is also the agreement among several measurements that have been made in the same way.

Deviation is used to report precision.

Physics

Physics

Accuracy
The extent to which a measured value agrees with the standard value of a quantity.

Accuracy is reported with relative error.

Physics

Error Calculations:
Relative Error

|O A | E r A
Er -- Relative Error O -- Observed Value A -- Accepted Value

Physics Lesson 3: Dimensional Analysis

Lesson Objectives Students will be able to Perform Dimensional Analysis including solving single, fractional and exponential unit conversion problems using standard units

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Physics Lesson 3: Dimensional Analysis

Units - The Big Idea
Units identify what a specific number represents.

42 ?!?
Without the units attached, the number is meaningless.

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Physics Lesson 3: Dimensional Analysis

Units - The Big Idea
Every calculation and answer must include units.
The standard for the course are Metric or SI Units
Examples: meters, kilograms, seconds, Newtons

Not sure how to attack a problem? You can often find the appropriate equation by thinking about the correct units for the answer.
Handout Fact Sheet
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Physics Lesson 3: Dimensional Analysis

Dimension Conversion
Single Unit conversions 1. How many feet long is a 100 m football pitch?
(thats a soccer field to most of you)

2. How many kilometers is 5.5 miles? 3. How many seconds are in 2.2 hours?
Do Problems on Worksheet 4-8
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Physics Lesson 3: Dimensional Analysis

Dimension Conversion
Fractional Unit Conversions 9. Convert 63.89 meters per hour into meters per second

10. Convert 1.05 km/h into kilometers per second

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Physics Lesson 3: Dimensional Analysis

Dimension Conversion
Fractional / Multiple Unit Conversions 11. Convert 23.5 meters per second into miles per hour

12. Convert 60.2 miles per hour in kilometers per second

Do Problems on Worksheet 13 - 16
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Physics Unit 0: Physics and its Mathematics

Summary:
Significant Figures All solutions must utilize the right number of significant digits Basic rules exist for zeros, rounding and * & / Dimensional Analysis All solutions must have correct units no naked numbers! Conversions must be done for common units

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Physics

Graphical Relationships
Linear Inverse Quadratic

Physics

x
Linear relationships have the form y=mx+b

Physics

Y
y x
m is the slope m = y/x b is the y intercept

Physics

Inverse relationships have the form xy = k or y = k/x

Physics

The graph of an Inverse is a hyperbola.

Physics

X
Quadratic relationships have the form y = kx2

Physics

X
The graph of a Quadratic relationships is a parabola.