Chapter 3:

To know the definition of a group To determine reasons for group formation To identify the types of group and their stages of development. To classify individual roles in a group. To identify different group method techniques To understand the effect of group to individual behavior.

defined as two or more individuals, interacting with each other for fairly sometime and has come together to achieve particular objectives or interest.

defined as a small set of individuals who are aware of each other, interact with one another and who have a sense of themselves working together as a unit.
Working groups performance is a function of what each member does as an individual because members do not work interdependently and do not share responsibility for each others result.

Formal Group -are groups defined by organizations structure with designated work assignments establishing tasks,

Informal Groups
-are groups that emerge naturally in response to the common interests and shared values of individuals such as friendship groups and interest groups.

Command Group consists of supervisor and the -Friendship groups- are groups associations of subordinates who report to that supervisor and people who like each other and who like membership in a command group is specified by to be together. the organizational chart. Task Group consist of people who work together on a -Interest Groups- are composed of individuals common task. They are united by the work they who may not be members of the same do. organizational unit; but they are united by their interest in a common issue. *** A task group can also be a command group if it includes all members of the same department and the supervisor.

Groups have been found to be effective sources of social change including those in work setting. Groups have been used as band-aids to relieve tensions between individual and organizations. Through group methods, coordination is promoted. Groups are useful to discipline and control reluctant workers. Groups may exercise far stronger control over their members than does management, since management can achieve its ends only through working with people, it must also work through groups.

Goal Accomplishment Affiliation Emotional Support Emotional Validation self identity Physical factors

Forming

-it is the beginning stage where members share personal information, start to get to know and accept one another, and begin turning their attention toward the group task, -it is the most difficult stage as members compete for status, jockey (race) for positions and relative control and argue about individuals as they assert themselves. Members start to realize the amount of work that lies ahead. There is a tendency to panic. -the group begins, moving together in a cooperation fashion, and a tentative balance among competing forces is struck. Norms emerge to guide individual behavior and cooperative feelings are increasingly evident. Emotional conflict is reduced as cooperation, cohesion and constructive criticism start to become the normal behavior. -the group matures and learns to handle complex challenges. Functional roles are performed as needed and tasks are efficiently accomplished.

Storming

Norming

Performing

- it is the interrelationships between individuals of a group and acts as guidelines to group behavior that make group functioning orderly and predictable. Source(: Matines, 1992 ) the norms, roles and stable patterns of relationship among the members of the group. source : http://www.infed.org/groupwork/what_is_a_gro up.htm

are the summation of the individuals wishes, interest and prejudices operating within the groups resource constraints. goals are the main justification for the groups existence. they are the ends (the aims or the outcomes) sought by the group and its members. source : http://www.infed.org/groupwork/what_is_a_gro up.htm

Norms are the standards shared by the members of a group which generally guide their behaviors. Norms tell members what they ought and ought not to do under certain circumstances. -They are commonly held beliefs of group members about appropriate conduct. They represent general expectations of codes of conduct than contain in a quality of demand.

-Norms are basically rules of conduct that indicate what attitudes and behaviour might be expected or demanded in particular social situations and contexts. They are shared expectations of behaviour that set up what is desirable and appropriate in a particular setting or group. Source: http://www.infed.org/groupwork/what_is_a_group.htm

They facilitate group survival They simplify the requirements and make the behavior of the group members more predictable. They help the group avoid embarrassing situations, They express the central values of the group and clarify what is distinctive about its identity.

Performance Norms - these are common norms and provide group members with explicit cues on how hard they should work, how to get the job done, their level of output, appropriate levels of tardiness and likes. These norms are extremely influential in affecting individual performance. Appearance norms these include things such as appropriate dress code, loyalty to work group or organization and the likes. Social Arrangement Norms - these norms come from informal work groups and primarily regulate social interactions within the group. With whom group members eat lunch, social games are example of this type. Allocation of Resource Norm these norms can come from the group or in organization and cover things such as pay, assignment of responsibilities and allocation of materials and equipment.

it is a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in social unit.

Role Identity - created by certain attitudes and behaviors consistent with a role. -people have the ability to shift roles swiftly when they recognize that the situation and its demand clearly require major changes.

Identity -The set of behavioral or personal characteristics by which an individual is recognizable as a member of a group.

Role Perceptions- this is an individuals view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation. It is based on an interpretation of how an individual believes he is supposed to behave that he engages in a certain types of behavior.

-defined as how others believe he or she should act in a given situation. how he or she behaves is determined to large extent by the role defined in the context in which he or she is acting.

is a situation in which individual is confronted by different expectations. It happen when an individual finds that compliance with one role requirement may make more difficult the compliance with another.

Task Oriented Roles - Focus is on completing groups goal

Initiator

Offer new ideas or suggest solutions to problem.

Information Seek pertinent facts or clarification of information Seeker Coordinator Coordinate activities, combines ideas or suggestions.

Evaluator

-Assesses the quality of suggestions, solutions, or norms.

Group-Building/Maintenance Roles- Focus is on building interpersonal relationships, maintaining harmony

Encourager
Harmonizer Gatekeeper Standard Settler

-encourages cohesiveness and warmth, praise, and accepts others ideas.

-alleviates tension, resolves intergroup - Reduces conflict and tension (often through humor) -encourages participation by others and sharing of ideas. -raises questions about group goals, helps set goals and standards.

Follower
Group Observers

-agrees and purchase others activities. - Accepts ideas of others in group

-monitors group operations, provide feedback to group. - Evaluates group progress

Self-centered Roles - Focus is to prevent group from reaching goals; to disrupt -resists stubbornly, negative; returns to rejected issues. Blocker - Refuses to cooperate with others ideas

Recognition Seeker Dominator

-calls attention to self by boasting, bragging and acting superior.

Avoider Avoids work Loafer: Special Interest Presents own viewpoint and needs Advocate Self-confessor Discusses topics only of importance to self and not the group

-manipulates group interrupts others, gain attention. - Monopolizes group speaking time Interrupting -remains apart from others; resists passively.

1. Interacting Groups

Members meet face-to-face and rely on both verbal and non-verbal interaction to communicate with each other.

1. Brainstorming

-a popular method for encouraging creative thinking in the groups. -It is an idea-generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives, while withholding any criticism of those alternatives.

1. Nominal Group -Individual members meet face-to-face to pool their

judgment in a systematic but independent fashion. -Individuals are presented with problem and they each develop solutions independently.

1. Electronic Meeting

-This is a meeting in which members interact on computers, allowing for anonymity of comments and aggregation of votes. -It blends with the nominal group technique with sophisticated computer technology.

Social Facilitation - refers to this tendency for performance to improve or decline in response to the presence of others. Social Loafing -it is the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.