SUMIT PATEL 601101026

Bioremediation
is defined as the process whereby organic wastes are

biologically degraded under controlled conditions to an innocuous state, or to levels below concentration limits established by regulatory authorities This process is mainly carried out by biological agents like plants, microorganisms, fungi etc. Based on the type of organisms used in bioremediation: 3 type. Microbial Remediation(Microbes), Mycoremediation(fungi) Phytoremediation(plant).

PRINCIPLES OF BIOREMEDIATION

Microbe Mediated Biodegradation

Minor change in a molecule (dehalogenation)

OH HO O CH2 COOH Cl

Cl is replaced with OH

Fragmentation
Cl
Cl O CH2 COOH HOH

OH HO OH

HOCH2-COOH

Mineralization
Cl
Cl O CH2 COOH

HOH

2Cl

CO2

Completely converted into inorganic forms

Factors Affecting Bioremediation

Compounds Can Be Treated Biologically

Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
Creosote

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Chlorinated Aliphatics: trichlorethylene Chlorinated Aromatics : PCBs, Pentachlorophenol

Explosives
RDX, TNT

Inorganics via Reduction to a Lower Valence Causing Precipitation

Uranium, Technicium Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid Ammonia or Nitrate/Nitrite Phenol,benzene,DDT,tetrachloroethane.

Types of Bioremediation
Engineered Bioremediation
Intentional changes

Intrinsic Bioremediation
Simply allow biodegradation to occur under natural conditions

Engineered Bioremediation
Engineered bioremediation is also known as enhanced

bioremediation. Engineered bioremediation is a process that adds to or enhances the natural process of degradation. An example of engineered bioremediation is to install wells to circulate fluids and nutrients to stimulate the microorganisms

Intrinsic Bioremediation
- a bioremediation under natural conditions

is a natural attenuation process that leads to the

decrease in contaminant levels in a particular environment due to unmanaged physical, chemical and biological processes.

In situ Bioremediation
(at the site)

Ex situ Bioremediation
(away from the site)

Bioventing

involves supplying air and nutrients through wells to contaminated soil to stimulate the indigenous bacteria.

Biopiling

involves the injection of air under pressure below the water table to increase groundwater oxygen concentrations and enhance the rate of biological degradation of contaminants by naturally occurring bacteria.

 Bioaugmentation
involves practice of adding specialized microbes or their enzyme preparation to polluted matrices to accumulate transformation or stabilization of specific pollutants

 Landfarming
involves a simple technique in which contaminated
soil is excavated and spread over a prepared bed and periodically tilled until pollutants are degraded.

 Composting
Traditional method to convert waste into household usable materials
involves combining contaminated soil with nonhazardous organic amendants such as manure or agricultural wastes. The presence of these organic materials supports the development of a rich microbial population and elevated temperature characteristic of composting.

 In natural ecosystems, plants act as filters and metabolize substances generated by nature. Evolutionary some plants have evolved the capacity to take up and accumulate selected metals in their shoots in levels that are toxic to ordinary plants Some plants have developed symbiotic association with microbes that can degrade certain pollutants to compounds which are non-hazardous to the environment

Term coined in 1991 5 types based on the fate of contaminants

Rhizofiltration
Phytoextraction

Phytotransformation

Phytodegradation

Phytostabilization

Phytoextraction
Also called Phytoaccumulation A process used by the plants to accumulate

contaminants into the roots and shoots or leaves. Technique saves tremendous remediation cost by accumulating low levels of contaminants from a widespread area (usually metals)

 Also called Phytodegradation

sediments, or water and, subsequently, their transformation to more stable, less toxic, or less mobile form. Metal chromium can be reduced from hexavalent to trivalent chromium, which is a less mobile and noncarcinogenic form.

 Leachable (permeate gradually) constituents are

adsorbed and bound into the plant structure so that they form a stable mass of plant from which the contaminants will not reenter the environment

 Also called rhizodegradation is the breakdown of contaminants through the activity

existing in the rhizosphere. Due to the presence of proteins and enzymes produced by the plants or by soil organisms such as bacteria, yeast, and fungi. a symbiotic relationship that has evolved between plants and microbes Plants provide nutrients necessary for the microbes to thrive, while microbes provide a healthier soil environment.

 is a water remediation technique that involves the

uptake of contaminants by plant roots used to reduce contamination in natural wetlands and estuary areas

The wide part of a river where it nears the sea; fresh and salt water mix

Plant used in Phytoremediation

nitrogen as crude protein in its leaves Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) - accumulates selenium, sulfur, lead, chromium, cadmium, nickel, zinc, and copper Chinese ladder fern (Pteris vittata) - accumulates arsenic Tomato and alpine pennycress - accumulates lead, zinc cadmium Poplar - used in the absorption of the pesticide, atrazine .

The major advantages of phytoremediation are as follows

traditional processes both in-situ and ex- situ. ii) The plants can be easily monitored. iii) The possibility of the recovery and re-use of valuable products. iv) It uses naturally occurring organisms and preserves the natural state of the environment. v) The low cost of phytoremediation (up to 1000 times cheaper than excavation and reburial) is the main advantage of phytoremediation.

Advantages of Bioremediation
Lower cost than conventional technologies. Contaminants usually converted to innocuous products. Contaminants are totally destroyed, not simply transferred to different environmental media. potentially allowing for continued site use. Relative ease of implementation.

Limitation of Bioremediation
May be difficult to control. Amendments introduced into the environment to enhance bioremediation may cause other contamination problems. Requires more time. May require more extensive monitoring. Dynamic process, difficult to predict future effectiveness

Conclusion
Bioremediation is a powerful tool available to clean up contaminated

sites. Bioremediation occurs when there are microorganisms present that can biodegrade the given contaminant and the necessary nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, electron acceptors, and trace elements. This process can be aerobic or anaerobic depending on the microorganisms and the electron acceptors available. This process may be natural (intrinsic bioremediation) or it may be enhanced by man (engineered bioremediation). Regardless of which aspect of bioremediation that is used; this technology offers an efficient and cost effective way to treat contaminated ground water and soil. Its advantages generally outweigh the disadvantages, which is evident by the number of sites that choose to use this technology and its increasing popularity.

References:
www.slsc.org/uploadedFiles/Bioremediation.pdf www.ku.edu.np/kuset/vol8_no1/20_Bijay_Thapa.pdf www.epa.gov/swertio1/download/citizens/bioremediation.pdf

www.wm.com/about/community/pdfs/Bioremediation.pdf
http://waterquality.montana.edu/docs/methane/Donlan.shtml astonjournals.com/manuscripts/Vol2010/GEBJ-3_Vol2010.pdf esd.lbl.gov/files/about/staff/.../reprints_ActaMicrobioPol50_205.pdf

http://www.in.gov/idem/files/remediation_tech_guidance_bioremedi

ation.pdf

Thank u.