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Paleolithic and Neolithic

This document provides an overview of the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods in the Philippines. It describes early human fossils that have been discovered, including Tabon Man who lived around 22,000-24,000 years ago. Lifestyles during these periods involved hunting, gathering, and fishing during the Paleolithic, and the introduction of agriculture, pottery, and shell ornaments during the Neolithic as the sea level rose. Theories about the migrations of early peoples to the Philippines such as the Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis and Solheim's NMTCN network are also summarized.

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134 views

Paleolithic and Neolithic

This document provides an overview of the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods in the Philippines. It describes early human fossils that have been discovered, including Tabon Man who lived around 22,000-24,000 years ago. Lifestyles during these periods involved hunting, gathering, and fishing during the Paleolithic, and the introduction of agriculture, pottery, and shell ornaments during the Neolithic as the sea level rose. Theories about the migrations of early peoples to the Philippines such as the Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis and Solheim's NMTCN network are also summarized.

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Gracia Cruzado Dalagan
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Paleolithic and Neolithic

Anne Glydel Dalagan BS Geodetic Engineering

Introduction
Pleistocene epoch (ice age)
most recent Started 1.6 million years ago Low sea level

Sunda shelf Homo Erectus


Peking man and Java Man

Fossils of elephas, stegodon, rhinoceros & deer have been discovered in Cagayan, Pangasinan, Rizal, Panay Island & NE Mindanao

Kinds of Stone Tools


Core tools-chips are struck off a stone and the remaining core itself used as a tool Pebble/cobble tools-core is a rounded stone Flake tool-the actual chips knocked off the stone is used and the core is being discarded

Paleolithic (Old stone age)


50000-6000 B.C. earliest Filipinos were food gatherers, hunters and fishermen
lived in caves

life of an early Filipino is shown by the famous man called Tabon Man Paleoliths-primitive tools used during Paleolithic

Callao Man
Found in Callao Cave, Cagayan Oldest human bone in the Philippines and in the Asia-Pacific region discovered in 2007 by Armand Mijares Dated at 67 000 yrs

Tabon Cave
Located on southwest coast of Palawan islands, Lipuun pt One of the most important archaeological sites in the country H. Otley Beyer-first noted the importance of Palawan in the search for prehistoric man Named after the tabon bird Believed to be occupied from 8500-30500 yrs ago

Tabon Cave
Excavations are led by Robert Fox
anthropologist in National Museum

Fossils of bats and birds were seen but no trace of a single marine shell was found(?) Deer existed in Palawan 4 000 yrs ago Thousands of chert fragments are recovered
Flaked tools are larger than in Neolithic

Recovery of human fossil bones of at least three individuals

Robert Fox

Tabon Man
Earliest known human inhabitant in the Philippines Classified as Homo Sapiens Large frontal bone, fragments of mandible and teeth-22 000-24 000 yrs ago The recovered fossils are believed to be at least 3 individuals
One of them was a woman (?)

Wave Migration theory


Otley Beyer No evidence to support Filipinos descended from different groups in Southeast Asia
Dawn man-similar to Peking man and Java man Negritos Indonesians Malays

Neolithic
6000-500 B.C. rise of the sea level and the disappearance of the land bridges Agricultural and domestication appeared
Taro, upland rice and root crops Rice was not that significant during this period

Transportation through boats Shells as ornaments and bark as clothes

Neolithic (New Stone Age)


Neoliths-tools that are used during the Neolithic period
Axes, adzes, gouges made by flaking

Pottery was introduced Key sites with good context-Cagayan Valley & Palawan Placing of bones of the dead in jar (hidden in caves) Guri Cave

Adzes

Triadacna Clam Shell

Angono Petroglyphs

Bark Cloth Beater

Manunggul Jar

Hypotheses about Neolithic movements of people in the Pacific

Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis
Peter Bellwood ca. 4500 BC - 4000 BC: Settlement in Taiwan of Pre-Austronesian-speaking peoples moving from mainland China as a result of population pressures arising from developments in agriculture. southward movement of peoples from Taiwan into the Philippines and Indonesia, reaching the area between Borneo and the Moluccas by 1500 BC.

Solheims NMTCN
Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network Wilhelm Solheim Came from Austronesian word nusa for south and tau/tao for man and people a trade and communication network that has been in place in the Asia-Pacific region for the past 10000 years or so. "elements of culture were spread by migrations, then the spread would have been primarily in one direction" (Solheim 2006:77);

Solheims NMTCN
"... I now define Nusantao as natives of Southeast Asia, and their descendants, with a maritimeoriented culture from their beginnings, these beginnings probably in southeastern Island Southeast Asia around 5000 BC or possibly earlier. Most of the Nusantao probably spoke a related or pre-Austronesian language, but there were likely some who spoke a non-Austronesian language as well... I did not consider non-maritime Austronesian-speakers as Nusantao." (Solheim 2006:60-61)

References
http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=148 2&catid=56&subcatid=360 http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph https://files.itslearning.com/data/ntnu/44801/bell wood-solheim.pdf Paz V.J. 2004. Addressing the Redefinition of the Paleolithic and the Neolithic in the Philippines. Proceedings of the Society of the Philippine Archaeologists, Manila, 2004, pp. 1-14 2

References
Chapter 2: Man Comes to the Archipelago, Kasaysayan Volume 2 Chapter 3: Corridor to the Archipelago, Kasaysayan Volume 2 Scott, W.H. 1984. Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History, Revised Edition. Quezon City: New Day. (Chapter 1)

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