ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II SMS 1224

NORHAYATI ISMAIL NOV 2011

COURSE OUTCOME
At the end of the course , students will be able to: CO1 list out the important basic concepts in human anatomy CO2 analyze and explain the morphology and characteristic of basic organization of human body tissue CO3 relate and apply the type of various tissues with each of the body system

CO4 identifying blood cell morphology and identifying the characters of normal blood cells CO5 identifying and differentiating organs involved in respiratory system (histology and macroscopic) CO6 identify the histology and gross of organs in gastrointestinal system, urinary and reproductive system CO7 Appreciate all mechanism of human body system by applying in life.

Quiz-10% Assignment-10% Practical-10% Mid Sem Exam- 30% Final Sem Exam- 40%

At the end of the class, students should be able to understand concepts of : Anatomy and functions of circulatory system Different structure and function of artery, veins and capillary External and internal parts of human heart and its main blood vessels Explanation on blood circulation in component of a heart

Taking blood to the tissues and back

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

Carry blood away from the heart Has thick muscular-to-elastic tunica media High compliance: wall stretch and expand easily Sympathetic stimulation > smooth muscle contraction> lumen narrowing> vasoconstriction Arterioles-microscopic blood vessels that regulate the flow to capillaries

Carry the blood to the heart Have thin walls, tunica interna and media is thinner than arteries, while tunica exxterna is the thickest layer Blood flow depends on the pumping action of the heart and contraction of skeletal muscle of lower limbs

Three layers (tunics)

Tunic intima
Endothelium

Tunic media
Smooth muscle Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

Tunic externa
Mostly fibrous connective tissue

Walls of arteries are the thickest Lumens of veins are larger Skeletal muscle milks blood in veins toward the heart Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood

Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels

Vascular shunt directly connects an arteriole to a venule True capillaries exchange vessels
Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood

Superior mesenteric and splenic veins unite to form hepatic portal vein

Carries nutrient-rich venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen to the liver liver stores some and modifies others before pass into the systemic circulation

Cardiovascular System Circuit

Circulatory system heart, blood vessels and blood Cardiovascular system heart, arteries, veins and capillaries; 2 major divisions Pulmonary circuit - right side of heart carries blood to lungs for gas exchange Systemic circuit - left side of heart supplies blood to all organs of the body

The heart
Located in mediastinum, between lungs Base - broad superior portion of heart Apex - inferior end, tilts to the left, tapers to point 3.5 in. wide at base, 5 in. from base to apex and 2.5 in. anterior to posterior; weighs 10 oz

Heart position

Pericardium
Allows heart to beat without friction, room to expand and resists excessive expansion Parietal pericardium outer, tough, fibrous layer of CT inner, thin, smooth, moist serous layer Pericardial cavity filled with pericardial fluid Visceral pericardium (a.k.a. epicardium

of heart wall)
thin, smooth, moist serous layer covers heart surface

Heart wall
Epicardium (a.k.a. visceral pericardium) serous membrane covers heart Myocardium thick muscular layer fibrous skeleton - network of collagenous and elastic fibers provides structural support attachment for cardiac muscle nonconductor important in coordinating contractile activity Endocardium smooth inner lining

Heart wall

Heart Chambers
4 chambers Right and left atria 2 superior, posterior chambers receive blood returning to heart Right and left ventricles 2 inferior chambers pump blood into arteries Atrioventricular sulcus - separates atria, ventricles Anterior and posterior sulci - grooves separate ventricles (next slide)

External Anatomy - Anterior

External Anatomy - Posterior

Anterior Aspect

Heart Chambers - Internal

Interatrial septum wall that separates atria Pectinate muscles internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and both auricles Interventricular septum wall that separates ventricles Trabeculae carneae internal ridges in both ventricles

Heart Valves
Ensure one-way blood flow Atrioventricular (AV) valves right AV valve has 3 cusps (tricuspid valve) left AV valve has 2 cusps (mitral, bicuspid valve) chordae tendineae - cords connect AV valves to papillary muscles (on floor of ventricles) Semilunar valves - control flow into great arteries pulmonary: from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk aortic: from left ventricle into aorta

AV Valve Mechanics
Ventricles relax, pressure drops, semilunar valves close, AV valves open, blood flows from atria to ventricles Ventricles contract, AV valves close (papillary m. contract and pull on chordae tendineae to prevent prolapse), pressure rises, semilunar valves open, blood flows into great vessels

Operation of Atrioventricular Valves

Operation of Semilunar Valves

BLOOD CIRCULATION IN COMPONENT OF A HEART

Blood Flow Through Heart

Coronary Circulation
Blood vessels nourish cardiac muscle Left coronary artery anterior interventricular artery supplies interventricular septum + anterior walls of ventricles circumflex artery passes around left side of heart in coronary sulcus, supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle Right coronary artery marginal artery supplies lateral R atrium + ventricle posterior interventricular artery supplies posterior walls of ventricles

Myocardial Infarction
Sudden death of heart tissue caused by interruption of blood flow from vessel narrowing or occlusion Anastomoses defend against interruption by providing alternate blood pathways circumflex artery and right coronary artery combine to form posterior interventricular artery anterior and posterior interventricular arteries combine at apex of heart

Venous Drainage
20% drains directly into right ventricle 80% returns to right atrium great cardiac vein (anterior interventricular sulcus) middle cardiac vein (posterior sulcus) coronary sinus (posterior coronary sulcus) collects blood from these and smaller veins and empties into right atrium

Coronary Vessels - Anterior

Coronary Vessels - Posterior

Coronary Flow and the Cardiac Cycle

Reduced during ventricular contraction arteries compressed Increased during ventricular relaxation openings to coronary arteries, just above aortic semilunar valve, fill as blood surges back to valve