CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL ON SITE

1- Introduction
History
The first buildings were huts and shelters, constructed by hand or with simple tools. As cities grew during the bronze age, a class of professional craftsmen like bricklayers and carpenters appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for construction work. In the middle ages, these were organized into guilds. In the 19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later diesel- and electric powered vehicles such as cranes, excavators and bulldozers

1- Introduction
There are different types of buildings like : Skeleton reinforced concrete buildings. Bearing wall buildings. Steel structures buildings. Wood buildings.
Environmental buildings (clay and others)

1- Introduction

Bearing walls type Steel structure type

Skeleton type

1- Introduction
For common use Residential, Administrative , Educational , Governate, .. etc -in our countries- the most systems used those which are mentioned before. We will explain with details the first three types : RC SRUCTURES. STEEL STRUCTURES BEARING WALLS STRUCTURES.

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

A- Structural Elements: Foundations: i- Plain concrete base (PC BASE) . ii- Reinforced concrete foundation (RC BASE). iii- Reinforced concrete ground beams which joint the reinforced concrete bases.

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building i- Plain concrete PC base resting on the soil layers. Design of PC base (dimension and depth ) depends on :
Bearing capacity (BC) of soil ( natural soil or replacement layers ). Dimension of the column.

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building ii- Reinforced concrete foundation. 1- Shallow foundation 1-1 Footings: 1-1-1 Isolated footing 1-1-2 Combined footing 1-1-3 Strap footing or balanced footing 1-1-4 Eccentrically loaded footing

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

footings

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

footing

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

1-2 Rafts 1-2-1 Rigid Method Flat slab analogy Beam and slab analogy 1-2-2 Flexible Method: Flexible Beam Method Flexible Plate Analogy 2- Deep foundation 2-2 PILES

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

iii- Reinforced concrete ground beams which joint the reinforced concrete bases and other purposes :
Type 1 :Base level of beam is the same level of RC footing base ) ( - Type 2 : High level of beam is the same of top level RC footing ) (

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

Columns:
Made of reinforced concrete and rest on the RC base and extend vertically to the level of the ground floor ceiling.

Types:
Rectangular Circular

Beams:
Made of reinforced concrete and rest on the columns or girders ( beam) at each floor level. It is divided into two types : main beam or girder & secondary beams

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

RECTANGULAR COLUMN

CARPENTAR CHECK THE VERTICALITY

Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

Slabs
There are several types of slabs: Solid slab Hollow blocks slab Flat slab.

Stairs
There are several types of slabs: Cantilever type Slab type Slab beam type

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

B- Non-Structural Elements: The Walls:

Made of masonry or brick and are used to fill the openings between columns and to form the interior design.
Doors & Windows :

Doors & windows ; are made of different materials such as wood, steel, aluminum , .. etc.
Floor finishing:

Tiles of ground as ceramics or cement tiles , marbles , hard marbles ,wood covering , .. etc.
Wall finishing:

Painting, plastering, wall paper ,..etc

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

Advantages: 1. It can be constructed with large number of floors according to a lot of factors : Bearing capacity of soil. Design. Economic factors 2. Flexibility in selecting opening dimensions ( doors & windows ) . 3. Flexibility in preparing the interior design. 4. Small dimensions of wall thickness which affect in maximizing the interior area .

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

Advantages: 5. High resistance to various factors like : Winds , Earthquakes , Settlement, . etc 6. Easily in construct due to modern techniques, 7. Easily in design due to use of PC software. 8. It can easily repaired and maintained due to use of modern chemicals and tools. 9. It does not need continual maintenance like other types .

2- Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Building

Disadvantages: Can not resist the temperature and moisture effect due to the small thickness of walls. High expenses of components specially steel. May affect on neighbor building stability in case of deep excavation for foundation (some precautions may be taken in this case)

3- Bearing Wall Type

In this type of buildings we depend on the walls (either brick or masonary ) to transfer the loads on ceilings ( dead load and live load ) to the foundation and then to soil . Then reach the underneath continuous base ( wall foundation ) which distributes the weight to the available layer of soil . On the other hand we can conclude that the thickness of walls increases as we come near to the base.

3- Bearing Wall Type

Building Components: A- Structural Elements: Flooring slab, Beams, Brick walls, Stairs, and Foundations. B- Non Structural Elements: Doors, Windows, and finishing materials.

3- Bearing Wall Type

A- Structural Elements:

Flooring Slab and Beams :

The design of slab should be ordinary slab ( solid slab with beams ) with suitable designed dimension. We can not use the other typed of slabs ( hollow block slab H.B.S or flat slab)
Brick walls:

It may be masonary or brick walls , with suitable thickness specially in the lower stairs.

Bearing Wall Type

Stairs : About stairs it is the same as shown in skeleton specially slab types and slab beam type. Foundations : The type used is wall or strip foundation which is long strip of RC under the wall

3- Bearing Wall Type

B- Non Structural Elements:

Doors, Windows, and finishing materials. about the material no difference compared with skeleton type but the pivot point here which is important to be taken into consideration is : Dimensions It is recommended to have another beam in mid height properly at bottom of windows.

3- Bearing Wall Type

Remarks : The wall thickness depends on the number of floors and also span of walls. Maximum number of floors can be built is not exceed 5-6 floors and reviewed by structural design. minimum thickness of walls to be used is not less than and reviewed by structural design. 25 cm Last floor may be taken as 12 cm if loads and spans allow .

3- Bearing Wall Type

Advantages : 1. Good insulator of sound and temperature due to its big thickness. 2. It is low in cost compared to the skeleton concrete buildings. 3. The building works as one unit so it reduces the effect of lateral forces. 4. Easily in design and construct.

3- Bearing Wall Type

Disadvantages
1. It is difficult to make any changes in the building specially the walls . 2. The maximum number of floors not exceed six floors (economically effect) 3. The thickness of the wall is relatively big so, it reduces the inner dimensions. 4. Wide openings can weak the building . 5. We can not use another type of foundation so we may loose area in case of neighbor .

4- Steel Structure Buildings

4- Steel Structure Buildings

A Steel building is a metal structure with steel for the exterior cladding and internal support. Such buildings are used for a variety of purposes including storage, office space and living space. They have evolved into specific type depending on how they are used.

4- Steel Structure Buildings

Advantages
Strong, durable and stable Enables good design and safety Rigid and dimensionally stable Construction is fast compared to other materials Cheaper than any other construction methods in case of high buildings like sky scrappers Offers fast construction High qualityproduction

4- Steel Structure Buildings

Advantages
Low maintenance costs Non combustible Environmentally friendly Components can be re-used Sustainable to temperature effects Resistant to termites and other destructive insects

4- Steel Structure Buildings

Disadvantages Heat conductivity. Corrosion. Faulty design leads to the corrosion of steel in buildings. Very expensive specially in countries which is not steel producers . Not suitable for small buildings Needs very skilled labours. Needs high & expensive techniques in construction process Needs high investments

4- Steel Structure Buildings

Structural steel : is steel construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or cross section and certain standards of chemical composition and strength. Structural steel shape, size, composition, strength, storage, etc, is regulated in most industrialised countries. Structural steel, such as Ibeams, have a large polar moment of inertia, which allows the beam to be very stiff in respect to its cross-sectional area.

A steel I-beam, in this case used to support wooden beams in a house.

4- Steel Structure Buildings

Common structural shapes: In most developed countries, the shapes available are set out in published standards, although a number of specialist and proprietary cross sections are also available . I-beam (I-shaped cross-section -Standard& Broad Flange I-Beam). Z-Shape (half a flange in opposite directions). Angle (L-shaped cross-section equal and not equal )
Channel (C-shaped cross-section)

4-Steel Structure Buildings

Tension Members They may have any cross section so long as the net area is sufficient to carry the design load with a reasonable factor of safety and the shape is one which may be conveniently connected to continuous members. The only other structural requirement is that they should be sufficiently stiff to prevent harmful vibration, unsightly sagging, or, when the member must resist a change reversal of stress to compression of small magnitude. Empirical rules are used to ensure requisite stiffness. The cross-sectional arrangement of material in axially stressed tension members (called ties or hangers) is structurally unimportant.

4- Steel Structure Buildings

Compression Members The requirements for compression member ( also called columns, struts, posts) are more demanding than those for tension member for here the carrying capacity is a function of shape as well as of area and material properties. The material must be disposed so as to resist effectively any tendency toward general or local instability. This means that the member must be sufficiently rigid to prevent general buckling in any possible direction, and each plate element of the member must be thick enough to prevent local buckling. Some local buckling may be permissible if it is taken into account in evaluating the capacity of the member and if it does not result in unsightly waviness or bulges in the member. If no phenomena of instability occur the load elongation curve will be the same as that of the tension member.

4-Steel Structure Buildings

Beams
The optimum section for flexural resistance is one in which the material is located as far as possible from the natural axis. Naturally there are limitations: 1. Abnormally deep beams increase the height and cost of a structure and they tend to be unstable 2. Web material is required for resisting shear and for making connections to other members 3. The increased cost of deep webs may offset the saving in flange material.

4-Steel Structure Buildings

Beam-columns A beam-column is a combination of a compression member and a beam . its upper limit represents a suitable maximum to which a factor of safety may be applied for design. In this case the limit is defined by stability. A similar situation would exist in columns subjected to transverse loading

4-Steel Structure Buildings

Connections Of critical importance in structures are the regions making up the connections between beams and columns. The behavior of a connection fabricated by welding. Bolts and high strength bolts and rivets are other methods of connection It is an effect customarily ignored in design.

4-Steel Structure Buildings

Steel frame
Steel frame usually refers to a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns and horizontal Ibeams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame. The development of this technique made the construction of the skyscraper possible.

Rectangular steel frame, or "perimeter frame"

4-Steel Structure Buildings

Truss
In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight slender members whose ends are connected at joints. A plane truss is one where all the members and joints lie within a 2-dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and joints extending into 3 dimensions.

Truss bridge for a single track railway, converted to pedestrian use and pipeline support

4-Steel Structure Buildings

The Vierendeel truss is a truss where the members are not triangulated but form rectangular openings, and is a frame with fixed joints that are capable of transferring and resisting bending moments. Regular trusses comprise members that are commonly assumed to have pinned joints with the implication that no moments exist at the jointed ends. This style of truss was named after the Belgian engineer Arthur Vierendeel, who developed the design in 1896

A Vierendeel bridge

4-Steel Structure Buildings

Vierendeel truss

The beauty of this type of truss is that there is no diagonal bracing, the creation of rectangular openings for windows and doors is simplified and in cases the need for compensating shear walls is reduced or eliminated. After being damaged by the impact of plane hitting the building parts of the framed curtain walls of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center resisted collapse by Vierendeel action displayed by the remaining portions of the frame.

A Vierendeel bridge

4- Steel Structure Buildings

The Stress-Strain Curve The relationship between the stress and strain that a material displays is known as a Stress-Strain curve. This curve characterizes the behavior of the material tested. It is most often plotted using engineering stress and strain measures, because the reference length and crosssectional area are easily measured. It is unique for each material and is found by recording the amount of deformation (strain) at distinct intervals of tensile or compressive loading. These curves reveal many of the properties of a material (including data to establish the Modulus of Elasticity, E).

4- Steel Structure Buildings

The Stress-Strain Curve In addition to providing quantitative information that is useful for the constitutive relationship, the stress-strain curve can also be used to qualitatively describe and classify the material. Typical regions that can be observed in a stressstrain curve are : Elastic region Yielding Strain Hardening Necking and Failure

4- Steel Structure Buildings

4- Steel Structure Buildings

Various regions and points on the stress-strain curve.

4-Steel Structure Buildings

A stress-strain curve with each region identified is shown in Figure. The curve has been sketched using the assumption that the strain in the specimen is monotonically increasing no unloading occurs. It should also be emphasized that a lot of variation from what's shown is possible with real materials, and each of the above regions will not always be so clearly delineated. It should be emphasized that the extent of each region in stress-strain space is material dependent, and that not all materials exhibit all of the above regions. We describe each of the regions in more detail in the following sections

PART 2 REINFORCED CONCRETE

Introduction
Concrete The word "concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus", which means "hardened" or "hard". More concrete is used than any other man-made material in the world. As of 2006, about seven billion cubic meters of concrete are made each year, more than one cubic meter for every person on Earth. Concrete powers a US$35-billion industry which employs more than two million workers in the United States alone. More than 55,000 miles of highways in America are paved with this material. The People's Republic of China currently consumes 40% of the world's cement [concrete] production.

Introduction
Concrete is a construction material composed of : cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement . aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate such as gravel limestone or granite. fine aggregate such as sand ) . Mixing water. Chemical admixtures if needed.

Introduction
Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due to a chemical process known as hydration. The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a stone-like material. The reactions are highly exothermic and care must be taken that the build-up in heat does not affect the integrity of the structure. Concrete is used to make pavements, architectural structures, foundations, motorways/roads, bridges/overpasses, parking structures, brick/block walls and footings for gates, fences and poles.

Introduction
advantages
Sustainable to temperature effects. Low maintenance costs. Easily repair works due to advanced chemicals used in repair process. Long life. Availability to forming in any shape. Offers fast construction Availability of raw material used in concrete production.

Introduction
advantages Availabity of concrete production with special properties to be compatible with varies uses. High resistance in compression reaching 10 20 times its resistance in tensile stress. High resistance to the majority of stress like earthquakes , winds , vibration, sellelments . . etc. Modern techniques which facilitate the process like : central patch plant , cranes , concrete mixers, ..etc. Availabity of skilled labors. Enables good design and safety

Introduction
01-02 . . . . . . . CHEMICAL ADDEDTIVES SET POINT PERMIABILITY . . REPAIR .

Introduction to RC
Disadvantages

: . Brittle material so , it can not formed after setting Sensitive to thermal and environmental effects like humidity and Creep Heavy in weight ( unit weight 2200 kgm/m3 for PC & unit weight 2500 kgm/m3 for RC ) Heterogeneous material , not resisting the permeability Volume change due to change in temperature.

Introduction to RC
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