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Lecture of Env. Chemistry

- The ozone layer is located between 16-35 km above sea level in the stratosphere. It contains about 90% of the atmosphere's total ozone, which amounts to approximately 300 DU. - The maximum concentration of ozone occurs at around 23 km, with concentrations up to 1013 molecules/mL. The maximum relative concentration is around 35 km, reaching up to 10 ppm. - Ozone in the stratosphere selectively absorbs UV radiation in the 200-280 nm range, filtering out much of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet light.

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31 views

Lecture of Env. Chemistry

- The ozone layer is located between 16-35 km above sea level in the stratosphere. It contains about 90% of the atmosphere's total ozone, which amounts to approximately 300 DU. - The maximum concentration of ozone occurs at around 23 km, with concentrations up to 1013 molecules/mL. The maximum relative concentration is around 35 km, reaching up to 10 ppm. - Ozone in the stratosphere selectively absorbs UV radiation in the 200-280 nm range, filtering out much of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet light.

Uploaded by

Rajat Khursija
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Ozone Lecture Questions

16 35 km (above bkgd level) Stratosphere contains about 90% of all atmospheric ozone Total column ozone: ~300 DU (1 DU = 0.3 cm thick layer at 1 atm)

Layer

At what altitudes is the ozone layer located?

What is the maximum concentration of ozone in the ozone layer?


Maximum of absolute conc about 23 km (up to 1013 molecules/mL) Maximum of relative conc about 35 km (up to 10 ppm)

Distribution of ozone layer and temperature variation

Ozone selectively absorbs UV radiation

Absorption Spectrum of Ozone

Ozone filters out all of the Sun's ultraviolet light in the 220-290-nm range, which overlaps the 200-280-nm (UV-C).

Absorption of UV light by Oxygen molecule

Variation in Light Energy with wavelength

E h
c hc f E
h= 6.63 x 10 - 34 Js and c= 3 x 108 For convenience, the product hc in the equation above can be evaluated on a molar basis to yield a simple formula relating the energy absorbed by 1 mole of matter when each molecule in it absorbs one photon of a particular wavelength of light. If the wavelength is expressed in nanometers, the value of hc is 119,627 kJ mol-1 nm, so the equation becomes:

hc

Fate of O2 and O3 in the presence of UV light

Wavelength (longest) of the light required for dissociation of oxygen molecule

Reaction which occurs in the presence of light are called Photochemical ?

What is the longest wavelength of light that could dissociate ozone in this manner?

Creation of Ozone Layer


Reactions responsible for ozone layer formation in stratosphere

O2 absorbs the energy in UV-C region and dissociates in to oxygen atoms. Oxygen atoms combine with O2 molecules in stratosphere to form ozone which is an exothermic reaction. This process results the temperature inversion in stratosphere. Vertical mixing in stratosphere is absent unlike troposphere due to temperature inversion. Stratosphere is perfect zone for the production of ozone: Above stratosphere there is very less molecular oxygen (less density) available for combination with oxygen atom. Below stratosphere there are very less oxygen atoms available due to the absence of UV-B and UV-C.

Destruction of Ozone Layer

Chapman Mechanism:

2 O2

Chapman Mechanism

Dr. Harminder Singh

The steady state analysis (kinetics) of atmospheric reactions


Above stratosphere, dissociation of O2 molecule:

Applying steady state, rate of change of [O] should be zero

As we go higher and higher above the stratosphere: the air pressure drops, and therefore so does [M], so the O2 re-formation rate decreases.

Steady State analysis of Chapman Mechanism

Adding relations A and B

Subtracting relation B from A

Multiplying relations C and D

The steady-state ratio of ozone to diatomic oxygen depends on the square root of the air density through [M]. The ratio is also proportional to the square root of the product of the rate constants for the reactions, 1 and 2, in which atomic oxygen and then ozone are produced, and inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the ozone destruction reaction rate constants. The magnitude for the ozone/diatomic oxygen ratio is about 1O-4 in the midstratosphere. Ozone is never the main oxygen containing species in the atmosphere, not even in "the ozone layer."

1930

The Chapman Cycle

Sydney Chapman proposed a series of reactions to account for the ozone layer: the Chapman Cycle

Lecture Question
The Chapman Cycle explains how the ozone layer is formed and maintained. Describe this process in some detail. Four chemical reactions

Initiation

O2 + light 2O (120 210 nm)

Propagation (cycling) O + O2 + M O3 + M* (generates heat) O3 + light O2 + O (220 320 nm) Termination O3 + O 2O2

The Chapman Cycle


Oxygen-only Chemistry
O2

O2

O
10-4 - 10 s

60 - 3 min

O3

O2

h
odd-oxygen species (Ox) are rapidly interconverted Ox = O + O3

Evaluation of Chapmans Model

How to evaluate Chapmans Theory? Qualitative agreement:


Predicts stratosphere as a source of ozone Predicts thermal inversion in the stratosphere

Quantitative agreement?
Check by comparing measured ozone levels with those predicted by Chapmans model

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