Unit 4

Naming

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

In an ionic compound, the cation always comes first followed by the anion
Cation = positive charge Anion = negative charge

When naming binary (meaning two elements) ionic compounds

1. 2. The cation is named its complete element name (H would be hydrogen) The anion is named its root name plus ide
Last vowel in the root is typically dropped

Common anion roots include

H Hydro; hydride F Fluoro; fluoride O Oxy; oxide S Sulfa; sulfide

Cl Chloro; chloride
Br Bromo; bromide I Iodo; iodide

N Nitro; nitride
P Phospho; phosphide

Examples
NaCl CaBr2 AlCl3 CaS Rb2O LiH

CsF

Na2O BeS

Sr3N2 KCl

MgO

Naming Ionic Compounds w/ Polyatomic Ions

Same rules as naming binary ionic compounds except polyatomic ions are always given their full name
You do not take the element root and add ide Examples: Na2CO3 AlPO4

NH4Cl

BaSO4

KMnO4

NaNO3

I have , who has ?

I will start with a particular molecular formula Whoever has the name of the compound will state that they have it (by stating the name of the compound) They will then ask who has the molecular formula on their card The next person will continue in similar fashion Mr. Norris says NaCl
Sodium Chloride KBr Potassium Bromide NaCN Sodium cyanide CaO

Boiling Points of Various Molecules

Phosphate

Phosphate w/ Resonance

Explain the observation that the P O bond in phosphate is somewhere between the bond length for a P O single and double bond.

Naming Covalent Compounds

Between two non-metals
Sharing electrons

Because we can have millions of combinations of two elements for various covalent compounds we need a way to indicate the number of a particular element in a molecule We can have C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, and many more combinations of just carbon and hydrogen

Greek Prefixes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Mono Di Tri Tetra Penta Hexa Hepta Octa Nona Deca

The Rules
CO2 Carbon dioxide CO Carbon monoxide First Element is Named: Number + element name (If there is only one do not use mono) Second Element is Named: Number + element root name + ide (Do need to use mono if there is just one) State the number of an element using the Greek prefixes

Examples
SiO2 B2I6
Silicon dioxide Diboron hexaiodide Disilicon hexafluoride Silicon monoxide

Si2F6 SiO

Note a and o vowels are not doubled up

IE monoxide not monooxide

Practice
IO2 C2Br6 N4O9 C2H4 NO NH3

P4Se3

CH4

I have , who has ?

I will start with a particular molecular formula Whoever has the name of the compound will state that they have it (by stating the name of the compound) They will then ask who has the molecular formula on their card The next person will continue in similar fashion Mr. Norris says CO
Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide NH3 Nitrogen trihydride NO

Naming Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals

Transition Metals middle block of the periodic table Can have multiple oxidation numbers Pb and Sn as well

Naming Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals

Normal rules for naming ionic compounds with one exception Must indicate the oxidation number of the transition metal with a roman numeral in ( )
FeO Iron (II) oxide Cu3N Copper (I) Nitride

Key added step:

Determining the oxidation number of the transition metal

Determining Oxidation Number of a Transition Metal

We know overall charge must be 0 in an ionic compound Example: Fe2O3 How many atoms cation (Fe) How many atoms anion (O) What is the charge/oxidation # of the anion (O) What is the charge/oxidation # cation (Fe)

Steps
1. Gather Information
Atoms cation Atoms anion Charge/oxidation # anion

2. Set up algebraic equation # anion(charge) + # cation(charge) = 0

3. Solve for missing charge/oxidation # 4. Check

Examples
ZrCl2

Fe2O

MnS3

Examples
Zn3(PO4)2

SnI2

PbBr4

Practice
One whiteboard and marker per partner pair Work with your partner to name the compound When you have and have checked your answer, raise your board

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

PdBr3 CrS2 CoN Cu3N HgCrO4

Practice
Individually, on your own, name the compound When you have and have checked your answer wait until I tell you to switch boards You will switch boards with your neighbor at your table and check their work and tell them either where they messed up or that you agree Example: FeO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

NiF FeP CoS Fe(CN)2 Co2(SO4)3

Ionic Bingo
5 minutes to work on translating the names of ionic molecules on your card to their molecular formulas 15 minutes of Bingo
Winners Bonus Points on Quiz Weds.

I will say molecular formula twice and write on board Do not call out answers False Bingos = Cannot Win

Acids
Acids are special types of compounds that contain hydrogen atoms and when dissolved in water increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)

Acid Basics
In an acid, H acts like a cation (H+) and always comes first in the molecular formula
Seeing an H at the start of a molecular formula allows you to identify a compound as an acid

We name acids bases on the anion bound to H

Naming Binary Acids

Acids with two elements (H and something else) Rules:

hydro element root name ic acid HF hydrofluoric acid fluoride; dropping ide and adding ic acid H3N hydronitric acid HI hydroiodic acid HCl HBr

Naming Acids w/ Polyatomic Ions

Majority of acids Rules:
Look at ending of polyatomic ion Replace ate with ic acid Replace ite with ous acid

HClO3 Chloric acid

ClO3 chlorate

HClO2 Chlorous acid

ClO2 chlorite

Examples/Practice
HC2H3O2 HClO4

H2CO3

HIO3

HBrO3

H2CrO4

Exceptions: P and S
Root names adjusted
H3PO4 Phosphoric acid not phosphic acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid not phosphous acid H3P Hydrophosphoric acid not hydrophosphic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid not sulfic acid H2SO3 Sulfurous acid not sulfous acid H2S Hydrosulfuric acid not hydrosulfic acid

Molar Mass Intro

Just like cooking, when performing chemical reactions it is important to know what amount of starting material will yield a certain amount of product
IE 3 cups of flour can make 2 dozen cookies

In chemistry we call our starting material the reactant Reactant

Starting material in a chemical reaction

Molar Mass Intro

In Chemistry we will typically measure our reactant in either moles or grams To interchange between the two and to perform other calculations we will need to know how to determine the molar mass of a substance Molar Mass mass of one mole of a substance
Usually expressed in grams/mole (g/mol)

Molar Mass of Elements

We get the mass of one mole of an element by looking at the atomic weight of an element and rounding to the nearest tenth
Atomic weight typically found on the bottom of an elements box on the periodic table

Examples: H _____ Na _____ O _____ N _____ Cl _____ Br _____

Molar Mass Examples

Determine the molar mass of carbonic acid, H2CO3

LiCl

CO2

NH4OH

Fe2(CrO4)3

Whiteboard Practice
NaCl CaCO3 (NH4)2S

% Composition
One minute to pick something about your group that a % of you will be, examples include:
% of individuals with birthdays in June or July % of 16 year olds in the class % of APUSH students in the class

You will then calculate the % so that you know what it is (rounding to the nearest tenth) I will then try to guess what the % is, my score will be the difference between my guess and the actual number
Low score = good score

% Composition = Part/whole

Examples
Determine the % composition of Na in NaCl

Determine the % composition of O in CaCO3

 Determine the % composition by of oxygen, O, in the following compounds:

Fe(CO3)2

Al(IO3)3

Whiteboard Practice
AgCl H2PO4 C3H6 Zn(NO3)2

Molecular Formula
The chemical symbols and subscripts that represent the exact number of atoms in a given molecule
What we have been working with Examples:
CO2 C2H2 Al2(SO4)3 MgO

Empirical Formula
The chemical symbols and subscripts that represent the lowest, whole number ratio of elements in a molecule
Think reduced Example: CH is the empirical formula of C6H6 Important for covalent molecules but not ionic ones or acids

Ionic compounds and acids combine in the simplest way possible to balance charge
The molecular and empirical formula for all ionic compounds and acids will be the same

Molecular Formula Empirical Formula Water Methane (carbon tetrahydride) Sulfuric Acid Benzene (hexacarbon hexahydride) Calcium oxide Glucose (C6H12O6)

Molecular Formula H3P ZnCO3 CaCl2 P4O10 H2S C4H8 AlN

Empirical Formula

Name

Molecular Formula from Molar Mass and Empirical Formula

A molecule has an empirical formula of C2H3O and a molar mass of 172g/mol, what is the molecular formula of the molecule?

Steps
1. Determine the molar mass of the empirical formula 2. Compare (i.e. divide) the given molar mass (molecular formula) by the mass of the empirical formula
Large number divided by small number

What is the molecular formula of a compound with an empirical formula of CH2 and a molecular formula of 56.0g/mol?

3. Your quotient is the factor by which your empirical formula has been reduced, therefore you multiply each subscript in the empirical formula by the quotient 4. Check your answer by calculating the molar mass of the molecular formula

Practice
An organic molecule has an empirical formula of CH and a molar mass of 78g/mol. What is the molecular formula of the molecule?

A molecule has an empirical formula of CH3 and a molar mass of 45g/mol. What is the molecular formula?

Molecular Formula from % Composition and Molar Mass

Nicotine is 74.1% carbon, 8.6% hydrogen, and 17.3% nitrogen by mass, and has a molar mass of 162g/mol. What is the molecular formula of nicotine?

Steps
1. Convert each percent to decimal form 2. Multiply each decimal by the molar mass of the molecule 3. Divide each of your products by the molar mass of the appropriate element 4. Your quotients give the amount of each element in the molecular formula

Determine the molecular formula of a compound that contains 36.5% sodium, 25.4% sulfur, 38.1% oxygen and has a molar mass of 126g/mol.

Practice
A biologically important molecule contains 40.0% carbon, 6.7% hydrogen, 53.3% oxygen by mass. Determine the molecular formula if the molecule has a molar mass of 180g/mol.

Challenge
Determine the empirical formula of a compound that contains 58.8% barium, 13.75% sulfur, and 27.45% oxygen by mass.