Assalammualaikum Wr.

Wb

Introducing. . . Were from the 2nd Group . . . Were . . :

1. Ripal Ardiansyah (03111002004) 2. Ratih Silvia (03111002005) 3. Zul Fahmi (03111002003)

Active Voice
1. Present Continuous Tenses 2. Simple Present Tenses 3. Simple Past Tenses 4. Past Continuous Tenses 5. Present Perfect Tenses 6. Simple Future Tenses

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Present Continous Tense

Meaning

General Formula

Notice

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Present Continous Tense

Present Continous Tense describes an actions or situations in progress at the moment of speaking.

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General Formula
Nominal Formula: (+) S + tobe(am,is,are) + being + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ( -) S + tobe(am,is,are) + not + being + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) (?) Tobe(am,is,are) + S + being + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ? Verbal Formula: (+) S + tobe(am,is,are) + V1 + ing + Object + Adv. ( -) S + tobe(am,is,are) + not + V1 + ing + Object + Adv. (?) Tobe(am,is,are) + S + V1 + ing + Object + Adv. ?

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Notice
Adverb of Time : Now, right now, at the moment, today, etc. Remember : The following verbs are not normally used in the continous tenses, except in certain idioms or descriptions of a definite action: Want, need, love, like, mean, prefer, dislike, hate, know, mind, think, believe, understand, remember, recognize, appreciate, consider, seem, appear, taste, smell, hear, see, look, sound, have, own, belong to, possess, and cost.

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USE 1 Now

Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now. Examples: You are learning English now. You are not swimming now. Are you sleeping? I am sitting. I am not standing. Is he sitting or standing?

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USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second. Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.) I am studying to become a doctor. I am not studying to become a dentist. I am reading the book Tom Sawyer. I am not reading any books right now.

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USE 3 Near Future

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future. Examples: I am meeting some friends after work. I am not going to the party tonight.

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USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly between "be" and "verb+ing." Examples:

She is always coming to class late. He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. I don't like them because they are always complaining.

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ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: You are still watching TV. Are you still watching TV?

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Simple Present Tense

Meaning

General Formula

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Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense describes an actions or situations identically with the habits or routines. It is also used to express opinions or to make general statements of fact.

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General Formula
Nominal Formula: (+) S + tobe(am,is,are) + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ( -) S + tobe(am,is,are) + not + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) (?) Tobe(am,is,are) + S + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ? Verbal Formula: (+) S + V1 + s/es + Object + Adv. ( -) S + do/does + not + V1 + ing + Object + Adv. (?) Do/does + S + V1 + ing + Object + Adv. ?

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Notice
USE 1 Repeated Actions
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do. Examples: I play tennis. She does not play tennis. Does he play tennis? The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.

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USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things. Examples: Cats like milk. Birds do not like milk.

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USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well. Examples: The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.

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USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs. Examples: I am here now. She is not here now. He needs help right now.

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ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, sometimes, etc. Examples: You only speak English. Do you only speak English?
Adverb of Time: Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, every day, from time to time, occasionally, and frequently

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Simple Past Tense

Meaning

General Formula

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Simple Past Tense

The simple past tense describes actions or situation that began and ended in the past.

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General Formula
Nominal Formula: (+) S + tobe(was/were) + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ( -) S + tobe(was/were) + not + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) (?) Tobe(was/were) + S + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ? Verbal Formula: (+) S + V2 + Object + Adv. ( -) S + did + not + V1 + Object + Adv. (?) Did + S + V1 + Object + Adv. ? Adverb of Time : Last . . . . Yesterday . . . . ago

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Notice
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples: I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan.

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USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples: I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

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USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. Examples: I lived in Brazil for two years. Shauna studied Japanese for five years. They sat at the beach all day. They did not stay at the party the entire time.

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USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples: I studied French when I was a child. He played the violin. He didn't play the piano. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?

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USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to." Examples: She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. He didn't like tomatoes before.

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IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses. Examples: When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. She answered my question when I paid her one dollar. When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both Clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar. Example: I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

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Past Continous Tense

Meaning

General Formula

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Past Continous Tense

The past continous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment.

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General Formula
Nominal Formula: (+) S + tobe(was/were) + being + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ( -) S + tobe(was/were) + not + being + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) (?) Tobe(was/were) + S + being + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ? Verbal Formula: (+) S + tobe(was/were) + V1 + ing + Object + Adv. ( -) S + tobe(was/were) + not + V1 + ing + Object + Adv. (?) Tobe(was/were+ S + V1 + ing + Object + Adv. ?

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Notice
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples: I was watching TV when she called. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. What were you doing when the earthquake started?

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USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Examples: Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.

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USE 3 Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples: I was studying while he was making dinner. While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. Were you listening while he was talking?

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USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be and "verb+ing." Examples: She was always coming to class late. He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.

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While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence. Examples: I was studying when she called. While I was studying, she called.

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Present Perfect Tense

Meaning

General Formula

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Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense can describe an event that happened (did not happen) at an unknown time in the past.

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General Formula
Nominal Formula: (+) S + Have/Has + Been + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ( -) S + Have/Has + not + Been + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) (?) Have/Has + S + Been +Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ?

Verbal Formula: (+) S + Have/Has + V3 + Object + Adv. ( -) S + Have/Has + not + V3 + Object + Adv. (?) Have/Has + S + V3 + Object + Adv. ?

Adverb : Recently, just, already, (not) yet, since, and for .

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Notice
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Examples: I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California.

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USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. Examples: I have had a cold for two weeks. She has been in England for six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl. Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

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Simple Future Tense

Meaning

General Formula

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Simple Future Tense

Going to is often used to express specific future plans, or intentions. It is frequently used in conversation. We used going to when we say what we think will happen. Usually there is something in the present situation that makes the speaker sure about what wiil happen. Usually there is little or no difference in meaning between will and be going to. Will and be going to indicate inevitability (i.e. They express a simple factual statement about a future activity or situation), but be going to is used more frequently than will spoken English when the speaker is expressing a definite a plan or intention.

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General Formula
To be going to Nominal Formula: (+) S + tobe(am,is,are) + Going to + be + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ( -) S + tobe(am,is,are) + not + Going to + be + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) (?) Tobe(am,is,are) + S + Going to + be + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ? Verbal Formula: (+) S + tobe(am,is,are) + Going to + V1 + Object + Adv. ( -) S + tobe(am,is,are) + not + Going to + V1 + Object + Adv. (?) Tobe(am,is,are) + S + Going to + V1 + Object + Adv. ?

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Will Nominal Formula: (+) S + will/shall + be + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ( -) S + will/shall + not + be + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) (?) Will/shall + S + be + Object ( noun, adjective, or adverb ) ? Verbal Formula: (+) S + will/shall + V1 + Object + Adv. ( -) S + will/shall + not + V1 + Object + Adv. (?) Will/shalll + S + V1 + Object + Adv. ?

Example

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Notice
Will and be going to usually give the same meaning, but sometimes they express different meaning.

Adverb of time: tomorrow, next . . . , etc.

Example use will

-We will see what we can do to help you.

Example use be going to -Ririn is going to leave inhalf an hour

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Wassalamualaikum wr.wb.