INDIAN POWER SYSTEM

Structure and The Present scenario

By Soumyadeep Ganguly , Roll-41

PRESENT SCENERIO IN THE INDIAN POWER SECTOR

Installed Generation capacity : 2,07,006.04 MW

Supply Demand gap

: 8.8%

Per capita power consumption

: 733 kWhr

Captive generation

: 34,444.12 MW

PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kWh) BY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

12914 11,113

6133

6779 5692

7468

2631 733

According to data provided by the World bank

PERCENTAGE OF DIFF. SOURCE OF GENERATION

Neuclear 2% 4780 MW Renewable energy 12% 20,556 MW

Hydro 19% 39291 MW Gas 9% 18903 MW Oil 1% 1,199

Coal 57% 117833 MW

Source: CEA website

ENERGY RESOURCE MAP IN INDIA

Hydro
Jammu Ludhiana

Hydro potential in North east and upper part of Northern Region Coal reserves mainly in Eastern Region Distribution of energy resources and consumption centers are extremely unbalanced Necessitate power transfer over long distances

NR
RAPP Jaipur

Delhi

NEPAL
Partabpur Lucknow Patna Vindhyachal

SIKKIM

BHUTAN
Guwahati
CHICKEN NECK

ER
Kolkata

BANGLA DESH

Gandhinagar Indore Pipavav Bhopal Korba

WR
Tarapur Mumbai

Talcher/Ib Valley Raipur Bhubaneswar

Hyderabad

Vizag Simhadri

LEGEND
Generation Coal

Coal
Load-Centre

SR
Kaiga Kozhikode Mangalore Bangalore Krishnapatnam Ennore South Madras Chennai Cuddalore Kayamkulam Thiruvananthapuram

Hydro

Lignite Coastal

Kudankulam
COLOMBO

Nuclear

SRI LANKA

MY

AN MM AR

NER

Renewable Energy Sources

Solar

Wind

OTE

Biomass

Geothermal

Small Hydro

Wave Energy

Tidal Energy

Solar Thermal

Solar Photovoltaic

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA

Programs/Syst ems Solar P.V Biomass Power Wind Power

Estimated Potential 50 MW/sq.km 16881 MW 45595 MW

Estimated Achievement 30 MW/sq.km 1045 MW 14464 MW 3105 MW 39.66 MW 1742 MW 20556 MW

Percentage 60 6.2 32 20.7 1.48 34.84

Small Hydro 15,000 MW Power(<25 MW) Waste Energy Cogeneration Total 2700 MW 5000 MW

POWER SECTOR IS AILING FOR Inadequate power generation capacity Lack of optimum utilization of the existing generation capacity Inefficient use of electricity by the end consumer; Inadequate inter-regional transmission links Huge T&D losses (theft)

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK

During 80s, NTPC had the jurisdiction of creating HV transmission system along with their super thermal power stations. Subsequently, PGCIL was formed out of NTPC in 1992

Transmission sector opened up for private sector participation with the amendment of the ES Act in 1998

National
Regional State
Local

1950s

1960s

1980s

1990s

OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL GRID

To transfer power from surplus regions to deficit regions Utilise maximum resources from diversified regions

Ensure reliable, economical and quality power

The national grid envisaged by Powergrid is a hybrid network comprising of a 765 kV with 400 kV AC and 500 kV HVDC links.

765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM

URI WAGOORA DULHASTI RAVI SATLUJ

THE POWER HIGHWAY

KISHENPUR

JULLANDHAR MOGA BALLABGARH (DELHI RING) HISSAR M'BAD BEARILLY LUCKNOW G'PUR M'PUR PURNEA VARANASI SILIGURI/BIRPARA 500MW SATNA BINA SEONI SIPAT KORBA RAIPUR WARDA CHANDRAPUR 1000MW BARH KAHALGAON B'SHARIF VINDHYAMAITHON CHAL NORTH JAMSHEDPUR KARANPURA A'PUR MEERUT TEHRI

CHICKEN NECK

BHUTAN
TEESTA TALA RANGANADI BONGAIGAON

DIHANG DAMWE KATHALGURI MARIANI

NR JAIPUR
SHIROHI

BHIWADI

AGRA

250
ZERDA

0M W

ALLAHABAD /UNNAO MALANPUR SINGRAULI

MISA BADARPUR TIPAIMUKH

DEHGAM

NAGDA

NER
BANGLA DESH

GANDHAR/ LIMBDI AMRELI KAWAS CHEGAON JETPUR VAPI BHANDARA PIPAVAV BOISAR TARAPUR AKOLA

HIRMA

ER

ROURKELA

DHABOL KOYNA

PADGHEAMRAVATI PARLI LONIKAND

WR

TALCHER JEYPORE

KARAD

RAMAGUNDAM

KOLHAPUR

SR
NARENDRA SIRSI

20

MW 00

GAZUWAKA

VIJAYAWADA PONDA KAIGA

CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM THE NORTHEAST AND PIT HEAD THERMAL POWER FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE RING AND EXITS TO POWER STARVED REGIONS

20 00 M W
KRISHNAPATNAM CHITTOOR HOSUR SOUTH CHENNAI LEGEND X PLAN EXISTING/ IX PLAN 765 KV LINES 400 KV LINES HVDC B/B HVDC BIPOLE NATIONAL GRID XI PLAN SINGARPET PUGALUR CUDDALORE KARAIKUDI KAYATHAR KUDANKULAM

MYSORE

BANGALORE

KOZHIKODE

LA D HA KS EP WE

COCHIN KAYAMKULAM TRIVANDRUM

SALEM

INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003:

An Act related to the laws of generation, transmission, distribution, trading ,use of electricity and whose primary features are: 1. Generation has been delicensed 2. Transmission and distribution to be licensed 3. Transmission utility at the central and state level to be a government company 4. Open access in transmission. 5. The state government required to unbundle State Electricity boards (such as GENCOS,TRANSCOS,DISCOS). 6. Setting up State electricity regulatory commission (SERC) made mandatory

INITIAL SET-UP
Generation

Transmission

Distribution
Single Management

RESTRUCTURED SET UP AFTER DEREGULATION

Genco2

Disco1 Disco2

Genco1

Govt. owned Transmission

Genco3 Disco3

FEATURES OF DEREGULATED POWER SYSTEM

A DISCO has the freedom to have contract with any GENCO for transaction of power. A DISCO may have contract with a GENCO in any other control area.

All the transactions have to be cleared through an impartial entity called Independent system operator (ISO). The ISO has to control a no. of Ancillary services most important of which is Automatic Generation control (AGC).

SCHEMATIC OF A TWO AREA SYSTEM IN A RESTRUCTURED

POWER SYSTEM

DISCO1

DISCO2

Tie Line

DISCO3

DISCO3

GENCO1

GENCO2

GENCO3

GENCO4

Area 1

Area 2

DISCO PARTICIPATION MATRIX

It is a representation of various combinations of DISCO-GENCO contracts in practice

DISCO1 GENCO1 GENCO2 GENCO3 GENCO4 cpf11 cpf21 cpf31 cpf41

DISCO2 cpf12 cpf22 cpf32 cpf42

DISCO3 cpf13 cpf23 cpf33 cpf43

DISCO4 cpf14 cpf24 cpf34 cpf44

cpf : Contract Participation Factor

Contract Participation factor is a fraction of the load demanded by the J th DISCO from all the GENCOS.
Hence cpfji = 1 pu
i=1 4

Example For the 1st DISCO the cpfs are cpf11=0.3 pu ,cpf21=0.3 pu, cpf31=0.4 ,cpf41=0.0 So that cpf11+cpf21+cpf31+cpf41=1.0 pu Failure to comply with these contracts may cause damage to the system health as severe as Grid Failure.

SCHEMATIC OF THE AGC BLOCK DIAGRAM UNDER RESTRUCTURED SCENERIO:

RESPONSES OF THE AGC SCHEME UNDER LOAD DISTEURBANCE:

ISSUES OF DEREGULATION
Determining the charges based on the category of Open access users. Difficulty in persuading a monopolist to give up its monopoly privileges. Conflicting interests in the regulatory framework. The removal of cross subsidy surcharge Impact of open access on poor consumers.

LOAD DISPATCH CENTRES

The control of the grid is planned to be done at 3 levels of hierarchy namely NLDC, RLDC and SLDC.

Each level of hierarchy has definite roles and responsibilities

ROLE OF NLDC
NLDC
Economy and Efficiency of National Grid Scheduling and dispatch of electricity over the inter-regional links Monitoring of operations and grid security of National Grid Restoration of synchronous operation of National Grid Trans-national exchange of power

Supervision
Supervision & control

RLDC
Coordinate

Inter Regional Links Accounting

ROLE OF RLDC
RLDC
Real time operation , control & contingency analysis Generation scheduling/ re-scheduling Restoration Metering & data collection Compiling & furnishing of operation data Operation of ancillary services

Exclusive functions

ROLE OF SLDC
SLDC Apex body in a State
Optimum scheduling and dispatch Keep accounts of electricity transmitted Activities of Real-time operation

Exercise supervision and control

Power System

Licensee, generating company, generating station, sub-station and any other concerned person

State

CONCLUSION
Electricity reform process in India is already in action although in a slow Pace, several state electricity boards are being unbundled into three separate corporations namely Gencos, Transcos and Discos. The distribution company has option to purchase power from any generation utility through the existing transmission network We can say that open access and deregulation make the power system more reliable, efficient and flexible. The open access market can improve the Indian power industry and Indian economy also if the issues of the open access are properly addressed