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Presentation of Electric Motor

1) An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to perform work such as rotating pumps, fans, compressors or lifting materials. 2) Induction motors are the most common type of AC motor due to their simple and inexpensive design. They have a stationary stator and a rotating rotor. 3) In an induction motor, a rotating magnetic field is created by a three-phase supply to the stator windings which induces currents in the rotor and produces torque. The speed of the rotor is slightly less than the synchronous speed determined by the frequency of the supply.

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Ricky Raj
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1K views20 pages

Presentation of Electric Motor

1) An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to perform work such as rotating pumps, fans, compressors or lifting materials. 2) Induction motors are the most common type of AC motor due to their simple and inexpensive design. They have a stationary stator and a rotating rotor. 3) In an induction motor, a rotating magnetic field is created by a three-phase supply to the stator windings which induces currents in the rotor and produces torque. The speed of the rotor is slightly less than the synchronous speed determined by the frequency of the supply.

Uploaded by

Ricky Raj
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRIC MOTOR

An electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. The mechanical energy can be used to perform work such as rotating a pump impeller, fan, blower, driving a compressor, lifting materials etc.

BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

TYPES OF MOTOR LOADS


Motor loads Description Examples Conveyors, rotary kilns, constantdisplacement pumps Centrifugal pumps, fans Constant Output power varies torque loads but torque is constant Variable Torque varies with torque loads square of operation speed Constant power loads Torque changes inversely with speed

Machine tools

CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORS
Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Motors

Direct Current (DC) Motors

Synchronous

Induction

Separately Excited

Self Excited

Single-Phase

Three-Phase

Series

Compound

Shunt

TYPES OF AC MOTORS
* Electrical current reverses direction * Two parts: stator and rotor Stator: stationary electrical component Rotor: rotates the motor shaft

* Speed difficult to control * Two types Synchronous motor Induction motor

AC MOTOR: INDUCTION MOTOR


Most common motors in industry

Advantages: Simple design Inexpensive High power to weight ratio Easy to maintain Direct connection to AC power source

COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION MOTOR


A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts: A stator consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core of stacked laminations. Slots on the internal circumference of the stator house the stator winding. A rotor also composed of punched laminations, with rotor slots for the rotor winding.

COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION MOTOR contd


There are two-types of rotor windings:
Squirrel-cage windings, which produce a squirrel-cage induction motor (most common) Conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire, which produce a wound-rotor induction motor (special characteristics)

Induction Motor: Operating Principle


Operation of 3-phase induction motors is based upon the application of Faradays Law and the Lorentz Force on a conductor. Consider a series of conductors (length L) whose extremities are shorted by bars A and B. A permanent magnet moves at a speed v, so that its magnetic field sweeps across the conductors.

Operating Principle Contd


The following sequence of events takes place: 1. A voltage E = BLv is induced in each conductor while it is being cut by the flux (Faradays Law) 2. The induced voltage produces currents which circulate in a loop around the conductors (through the bars). 3. Since the current-carrying conductors lie in a magnetic field, they experience a mechanical force (Lorentz force). 4. The force always acts in a direction to drag the conductor along with the magnetic field. Now close the ladder upon itself to form a squirrel cage, and place it in a rotating magnetic field an induction motor is formed!

Induction Motor: Rotating Field


Consider a simple stator with 6 salient poles windings AN, BN, CN. The windings are mechanically spaced at 120 from each other. The windings are connected to a 3-phase source. AC currents Ia, Ib and Ic will flow in the windings, but will be displaced in time by 120. Each winding produces its own MMF,which creates a flux across the hollow interior of the stator. The 3 fluxes combine to produce a magnetic field that rotates at the same frequency as the supply.

Induction Motor: Stator Winding


In practice, induction motors have internal diameters that are smooth, instead of having salient poles. In this case, each pole covers 180 of the inner circumference of the rotor (pole pitch = 180). Also, instead of a single coil per pole, many coils are lodged in adjacent slots. The staggered coils are connected in series to form a phase group. Spreading the coil in this manner creates a sinusoidal flux distribution per pole, which improves performance and makes the motor less noisy.

INDUCTION MOTOR : SLIP


The difference between the synchronous speed and rotor speed can be expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed, known as the slip. s = (Ns N) Ns

Where s = slip, Ns = synchronous speed (rpm), N = rotor speed (rpm) At no-load, the slip is nearly zero (<0.1%). At full load, the slip for large motors rarely exceeds 0.5%. For small motors at full load, it rarely exceeds 5%. The slip is 100% for locked rotor.

Induction Motor: Frequency induced in the rotor


The frequency induced in the rotor depends on the slip: fR = s f fR = frequency of voltage and current in the rotor f = frequency of the supply and stator field s = slip

Induction Motor: Active Power Flow


Efficiency by definition, is the ratio of output / input power: = PL / Pe Rotor copper losses: PJr = s Pr Mechanical power: Pm = ( 1-s)Pr Motor torque: Tm = 30Pr

Ns

Where: Pe = active power to stator Pr = active power supplied to rotor PL = Shaft Power

Power Losses

Induction Motor: Relationship between Load, Speed and Torque


At start: high At start: high current and low current and pull-up torque low pull-up

At 80% of full speed: highest pullout torque and current drops

torque

At full speed: torque and stator current are zero

PRESENTED BY: SOURABH RANJAN VYOM DIXIT VIVEK KUMAR JHA MANISH JADAUN

THE END

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