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1a FourierSeries

Fourier series can be used to represent any periodic function as the sum of an infinite series of sinusoids. The coefficients of these sinusoids represent the amplitude and phase of each harmonic component. Any function that repeats its values every period T can be broken down into a DC component plus even harmonics of cosine waves and odd harmonics of sine waves. The amplitudes and phases of each harmonic provide a complete description of the original periodic function.

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Azzad Uddin
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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24 views16 pages

1a FourierSeries

Fourier series can be used to represent any periodic function as the sum of an infinite series of sinusoids. The coefficients of these sinusoids represent the amplitude and phase of each harmonic component. Any function that repeats its values every period T can be broken down into a DC component plus even harmonics of cosine waves and odd harmonics of sine waves. The amplitudes and phases of each harmonic provide a complete description of the original periodic function.

Uploaded by

Azzad Uddin
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier Series

The Mathematic Formulation


Any function that satisfies
( ) ( ) f t f t T = +
where T is a constant and is called the period
of the function.
Synthesis
T
nt
b
T
nt
a a t f
n
n
n
n
t t 2
sin
2
cos ) (
1 1
0

=

=
+ + =


DC Part


Even Part


Odd Part

T is a period of all the above signals
) sin( ) cos( ) (
0
1
0
1
0
t n b t n a a t f
n
n
n
n
e e


=

=
+ + =
Let e
0
=2t/T.
Orthogonal Functions
Call a set of functions {|
k
} orthogonal
on an interval a < t < b if it satisfies

=
=
= | |
}
n m r
n m
dt t t
n
b
a
n m
0
) ( ) (
Orthogonal set of Sinusoidal
Functions
Define e
0
=2t/T.
0 , 0 ) cos(
2 /
2 /
0
= = e
}

m dt t m
T
T
0 , 0 ) sin(
2 /
2 /
0
= = e
}

m dt t m
T
T

=
=
= e e
}

n m T
n m
dt t n t m
T
T
2 /
0
) cos( ) cos(
2 /
2 /
0 0

=
=
= e e
}

n m T
n m
dt t n t m
T
T
2 /
0
) sin( ) sin(
2 /
2 /
0 0
n m dt t n t m
T
T
and all for , 0 ) cos( ) sin(
2 /
2 /
0 0
= e e
}

Proof
dt t n t m
T
T
}

e e
2 /
2 /
0 0
) cos( ) cos(


0
)] cos( ) [cos(
2
1
cos cos | o + | + o = | o
dt t n m dt t n m
T
T
T
T
} }

e + e + =
2 /
2 /
0
2 /
2 /
0
] ) cos[(
2
1
] ) cos[(
2
1
2 /
2 /
0
0
2 /
2 /
0
0
] ) sin[(
) (
1
2
1
] ) sin[(
) (
1
2
1 T
T
T
T
t n m
n m
t n m
n m

e
e
+ e +
e +
=
m = n
] ) sin[( 2
) (
1
2
1
] ) sin[( 2
) (
1
2
1
0 0
t
e +
+ t +
e +
= n m
n m
n m
n m


0
0 =
Proof
dt t n t m
T
T
}

e e
2 /
2 /
0 0
) cos( ) cos(


0
)] cos( ) [cos(
2
1
cos cos | o + | + o = | o
dt t m
T
T
}

e =
2 /
2 /
0
2
) ( cos
2 /
2 /
0
0
2 /
2 /
] 2 sin
4
1
2
1
T
T
T
T
t m
m
t

e
e
+ =
m = n
2
T
=
] 2 cos 1 [
2
1
cos
2
o + = o
dt t m
T
T
}

e + =
2 /
2 /
0
] 2 cos 1 [
2
1

=
=
= e e
}

n m T
n m
dt t n t m
T
T
2 /
0
) cos( ) cos(
2 /
2 /
0 0
Decomposition
dt t f
T
a
T t
t
}
+
=
0
0
) (
1
0
, 2 , 1 cos ) (
2
0
0
0
= e =
}
+
n tdt n t f
T
a
T t
t
n
, 2 , 1 sin ) (
2
0
0
0
= e =
}
+
n tdt n t f
T
b
T t
t
n
) sin( ) cos( ) (
0
1
0
1
0
t n b t n a a t f
n
n
n
n
e e


=

=
+ + =
Proof
Use the following facts:
0 , 0 ) cos(
2 /
2 /
0
= = e
}

m dt t m
T
T
0 , 0 ) sin(
2 /
2 /
0
= = e
}

m dt t m
T
T

=
=
= e e
}

n m T
n m
dt t n t m
T
T
2 /
0
) cos( ) cos(
2 /
2 /
0 0

=
=
= e e
}

n m T
n m
dt t n t m
T
T
2 /
0
) sin( ) sin(
2 /
2 /
0 0
n m dt t n t m
T
T
and all for , 0 ) cos( ) sin(
2 /
2 /
0 0
= e e
}

Example (Square Wave)


5 . 0 1
2
1
0
0
= =
}
t
t
dt a
, 2 , 1 0 sin
1
cos
2
2
0
0
= =
t
=
t
=
t
t
}
n nt
n
ntdt a
n

, 6 , 4 , 2 0
, 5 , 3 , 1 / 2
) 1 cos (
1
cos
1
sin
2
2
0
0

=
=
= = = =
}

n
n n
n
n
nt
n
ntdt b
n
t
t
t t t
t
t
t 2t 3t 4t 5t -t -2t -3t -4t -5t -6t
f(t)
1
5 . 0 1
2
2
0
0
= =
}
t
t
dt a
, 2 , 1 0 sin
1
cos
2
2
0
0
= =
t
=
t
=
t
t
}
n nt
n
ntdt a
n

, 6 , 4 , 2 0
, 5 , 3 , 1 / 2
) 1 cos (
1
cos
1
sin
2
1
0
0

=
= t
= t
t
=
t
=
t
=
t
t
}

n
n n
n
n
nt
n
ntdt b
n
t 2t 3t 4t 5t -t -2t -3t -4t -5t -6t
f(t)
1
Example (Square Wave)
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
t
+ = t t t t f 5 sin
5
1
3 sin
3
1
sin
2
2
1
) (
1 1
2
2
0
0
=
t
=
}
t
dt a
, 2 , 1 0 sin
1
cos
2
2
0
0
= =
t
=
t
=
t
t
}
n nt
n
ntdt a
n

, 6 , 4 , 2 0
, 5 , 3 , 1 / 2
) 1 cos (
1
cos
1
sin
2
1
0
0

=
= t
= t
t
=
t
=
t
=
t
t
}

n
n n
n
n
nt
n
ntdt b
n
t 2t 3t 4t 5t -t -2t -3t -4t -5t -6t
f(t)
1
Example (Square Wave)
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + = L t t t t f 5 sin
5
1
3 sin
3
1
sin
2
2
1
) (
t
Harmonics
T
nt
b
T
nt
a a t f
n
n
n
n
t t 2
sin
2
cos ) (
1 1
0

=

=
+ + =


DC Part


Even Part


Odd Part

T is a period of all the above signals
) sin( ) cos( ) (
0
1
0
1
0
t n b t n a a t f
n
n
n
n
e e


=

=
+ + =
Harmonics
t n b t n a a t f
n
n
n
n 0
1
0
1
0
sin cos ) ( e e


=

=
+ + =
T
f
t
= t = e
2
2
0 0
Define , called the fundamental angular frequency.
0
e = e n
n
Define , called the n-th harmonic of the periodic function.
t b t a a t f
n
n
n n
n
n
e e sin cos ) (
1 1
0

=

=
+ + =
Harmonics
t b t a a t f
n
n
n n
n
n
e e sin cos ) (
1 1
0

=

=
+ + =
) sin cos (
1
0
t b t a a
n n n
n
n
e e + + =

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
+ + =
1
2 2 2 2
2 2
0
sin cos
n
n
n n
n
n
n n
n
n n
t
b a
b
t
b a
a
b a a e e
( )

=
+ + + =
1
2 2
0
sin sin cos cos
n
n n n n n n
t t b a a e u e u
) cos(
1
0 n
n
n n
t C C u e + =

=
Amplitudes and Phase Angles
) cos( ) (
1
0 n
n
n n
t C C t f u e + =

=
0 0
a C =
2 2
n n n
b a C + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= u

n
n
n
a
b
1
tan
harmonic amplitude phase angle

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