Wireless Assisted GPS

Personal Location for GSM and GSM Evolution

Introduction

Wireless Assisted GPS (WAG)

Definition How it operates

GSM Standards-Based Messaging Requirements WAG Performance

WAG

Wireless Assisted GPS (WAG)

Definition How it operates

Wireless
Information is obtained from the wireless infrastructure, wireless handset, or via wireless messages from a Location Server. This information is called assistance information, and it is used by the WAG receiver

Assisted
The assistance information received, or derived from, the wireless network is used to aid the WAG receiver by providing data that would normally be derived by timeconsuming demodulation of GPS satellite signals demodulation is difficult and sometimes impossible in certain common wireless environments.

GPS
A proven system for world-wide positioning and navigation used for personal, commercial, business, and government applications. Commercial implementations have been in place for close to 10 years, though the system has been in place over 20 years

WAG Architecture

Why WAG ?

Very rapid acquisition--100 to 1000 times faster than conventional GPS. Extremely fast positioning in almost all conditions Operation in difficult environments (blocked signals, fading, etc.) Very sensitive for given acquisition time

Can withstand >20 dB signal attenuation due to building blockage, etc. Works indoors

Excellent accuracy/reliability through cooperation between MS client and server

Why WAG? (Cont)

A single server supports roaming across different networks and different geographies Other than one Server, no special infrastructure equipment is needed Accuracy of WAG supports emergency services and enables a much larger number of location service applications Cost of implementation decreases over time as handset integration increases WAG can be combined with other terrestrial radiolocation methodologies
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How it Works?
WAG receiver obtains aiding data from the server and/or extracts key information from the wireless network Using this aiding data, WAG receiver processes small amounts of GPS satellite signals Then MS-Assisted: Sends data to Server for position calculation MS-Based: Calculates position in the handset WAG splits the workload into a very efficient, quick, and accurate client/server structure

Client/Server Structure

=0 (v-us)/(v-uo)

GSM Standards-Based Messaging Requirements

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GSM Architecture

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Existing Technologies

Cell ID Locates user in a sector at most. Easy to implement Low cost Low accuracy E-OTD Cant be used in WCDMA (specific to GSM/GPRS) High costs involved due to additional LUs Accuracy better than Cell-Id OTDOA Used only in WCDMA Cost between Cell-Id and EOTD
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Cell-Id

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E-OTD
Enhanced Observed Time Difference

3 T Measurements to measure distance.

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OTDOA
Observed Time Difference of Arrival

WCDMA version of EOTD Little Cheaper than EOTD due to LU implementation only at Base Stations. Uses RTT

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LBS Architecture on GSM/GPRS

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WAG Implementation on WCDMA Stand-alone Assisted-GPS SMLC

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GSM LCS Methodologies

Two Mobile Station Location Methodologies

MS-Assisted = Location Computation in Network MS-Based = Location Computation in MS Broadcast mode

Two Location Transaction Modes

Periodic Short Message Service Cell Broadcast (SMSCB) on Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) in idle mode Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) in dedicated mode Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) in dedicated mode

Point-to-Point messaging mode (request/response)

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GSM Point-to-Point Mode

GPS Assistance Data Element provides several information elements

Reference Time (optional)

GPS Time Assistance information (optional)

Nominal size - 3 bytes per satellite Produces ~3dB sensitivity improvement Allows LMU-independent GPS time dissemination

Reference Location (optional) DGPS Corrections (optional) Navigation Message Bits (optional) Acquisition Assistance (optional)
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GSM Broadcast Mode

Broadcast SMSCB messages with four data elements

Reference Time (mandatory)

GSM Time (optional) GPS Time (mandatory)

Reference Location (mandatory) Differential (DGPS) Corrections (optional) Navigation Message Bits (optional)

Produces ~3 dB additional sensitivity improvement Allows LMU-independent GPS time dissemination capability Incremental means for Navigation Model update

Reduces requirements for point-to-point messages

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Scenario1: GSM Broadcast

Handset listens to broadcast messages to

Receive navigation message bits for GPS SVs (satellites in view) Acquire one or more GPS SVs Determine/maintain GPS time

Software-based method utilizing navigation message bits

Incrementally update Navigation Model

Ready for location requests from user or network

Supports MS-based or MS-assisted solutions

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Scenario2: Point-to-Point Mode

Handset is powered on Scenario 1 operation commenced Location request initiated by user or network Resident GPS assistance data evaluated If data insufficient, point-to-point mode entered Required assistance data requested/received Required location request performed Transition back to Scenario 1
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MS Assisted Sample GSM Call Flow

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MS Based GSM Call Flow

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WAG Performance

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WAG Performance Expectations

High Performance

High Sensitivity (inside, urban canyons, etc.) Rapid First Fix (<8 seconds from cold start) Accuracy suitable for location services (5-50m) Across geographies Maintain accuracies

Roaming

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Global Validation

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Conclusion

Cell-ID meets cost objectives, supports roaming, but provides generally poor performance and poor ROI, E-OTD provides good performance, but has severe roaming limitations, is expensive, is limited to GSM networks and provides poor ROI, OTDOA provides average performance, but has severe roaming limitations, is expensive, is limited to WCDMA networks and provides poor ROI, A-GPS provides very good performance, is relatively inexpensive, supports roaming, can be used on all networks and provides good ROI, A-GPS hybrid combinations of A-GPS + Cell-ID provide very good performance, support roaming, optimize yield, minimize the cost of the hybrid implementation and provide ROI on par with A-GPS solutions, A-GPS hybrid combinations with spot deployments of E-OTD or OTDOA are also viable, but the complexity and cost of these implementations increases over the A-GPS + Cell-ID hybrid because of the need for LMUs in the network to support E-OTD/OTDOA, which can decrease the ROI.
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Hybrid Technology

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References

Andrew S. Tenenbaum, Computer Networks. http://isi.edu Location Based Services, A Strategic Analysis of Wireless Technologies, Markets, and Trends; Frank Viquez, AnnaLee Dragon, Tim Archdeacon; Allied Business Intelligence; 1Q, 2001 Ready or Not, Mobile Location Technology is Here!; Allen Nogee; Cahners In-Stat Group; March 2001 European Wireless Location Services; Jake Sanders, Jamie Moss, Stephan Beckert; The Strategis Group; March 2000 Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Deployment of WCDMA Effect on Communication System Performance; QUALCOMM; publish date September 2001 GSM Mobile Location Systems; Omnipoint Technologies, Inc.; Document #0710009-00B, 1999 Determining Location Using Wireless Networks; Gunter W. Hein, Bernd Eissfeller, Jon O. Winkel, and Veit Oehler; GPS World; March 2001 Synergies Between Satellite Navigation and Location Services of Terrestrial Mobile Communication, Gunter W. Hein, Bernd Eissfeller, Jon O. Winkel, and Veit Oehler; Institute of Navigation; September 2000 Conference Proceedings, September 2000. http://www.fcc.gov/e911 ; FCC mandate for Docket 94-102 http://gullfoss2.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/websql/prod/ecfs/comsrch_v2.hts ; Carrier Filings on performance relative to FCC mandate 94-102

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Thank You

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