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Bond Valuation Module

This document defines key terms related to bond valuation including: par or face value, coupon rate, coupon payments, maturity date, original maturity, remaining maturity, call date, call price, required return, yield to maturity, and yield to call. It provides examples of how to calculate the price of a bond using time value of money concepts and how to calculate the realized rate of return for a bond.

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297 views

Bond Valuation Module

This document defines key terms related to bond valuation including: par or face value, coupon rate, coupon payments, maturity date, original maturity, remaining maturity, call date, call price, required return, yield to maturity, and yield to call. It provides examples of how to calculate the price of a bond using time value of money concepts and how to calculate the realized rate of return for a bond.

Uploaded by

ashok_rambhia
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bond Valuation

Learning Module

Definitions

Par or Face Value

The amount of money that is paid to the bondholders at maturity. For most bonds this amount is $1,000. It also generally represents the amount of money borrowed by the bond issuer.

Coupon Rate

The coupon rate, which is generally fixed, determines the periodic coupon or interest payments. It is expressed as a percentage of the bond's face value. It also represents the interest cost of the bond to the issuer.

Definitions

Coupon Payments

The coupon payments represent the periodic interest payments from the bond issuer to the bondholder. The annual coupon payment is calculated by multiplying the coupon rate by the bond's face value. Since most bonds pay interest semiannually, generally one half of the annual coupon is paid to the bondholders every six months.

Maturity Date

The maturity date represents the date on which the bond matures, i.e., the date on which the face value is repaid. The last coupon payment is also paid on the maturity date.
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Definitions

Original Maturity

The time from when the bond was issued until its maturity date.

Remaining Maturity

The time currently remaining until the maturity date.

Call Date

For bonds which are callable, i.e., bonds which can be redeemed by the issuer prior to maturity, the call date represents the earliest date at which the bond can be called.
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Definitions

Call Price

The amount of money the issuer has to pay to call a callable bond (there is a premium for calling the bond early). When a bond first becomes callable, i.e., on the call date, the call price is often set to equal the face value plus one year's interest.

Required Return

The rate of return that investors currently require on a bond.

Definitions

Yield to Maturity

The rate of return that an investor would earn if he bought the bond at its current market price and held it until maturity. Alternatively, it represents the discount rate which equates the discounted value of a bond's future cash flows to its current market price.

Yield to Call

The rate of return that an investor would earn if he bought a callable bond at its current market price and held it until the call date given that the bond was called on the call date.
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Bond Valuation

Bonds are valued using time value of money concepts. Their coupon, or interest, payments are treated like an equal cash flow stream (annuity).
Their face value is treated like a lump sum.
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Example

Assume Hunter buys a 10-year bond from the KLM corporation on January 1, 2003. The bond has a face value of $1000 and pays an annual 10% coupon. The current market rate of return is 12%. Calculate the price of this bond today. Draw a timeline $1000 + $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100

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? ?

Example
2.

First, find the value of the coupon stream Remember to follow the same approach you use in time value of money calculations. You can find the PV of a cash flow stream

Or, you can find the PV of an annuity

PV = $100/(1+.12)1 + $100/(1+.12)2 + $100/(1+.12)3 + $100/(1+.12)4 + $100/(1+.12)5 + $100/(1+.12)6 + $100/(1+.12)7 + $100/(1+.12)8 + $100/(1+.12)9+ $100/(1+.12)10 PVA = $100 * {[1-(1+.12)-10]/.12}

PV = $565.02
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Example
3.

Find the PV of the face value


PV = CFt / (1+r)t PV = $1000/ (1+.12)10 PV = $321.97

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Add the two values together to get the total PV


$565.02 + $321.97 = $886.99

Alternatively, on your calculator


PMT = 100 FV = 1000 n = 10 i = 12 PV = ? Note that if the payments had been semiannual, PMT=50, FV=1000, n=20, i=6, PV=?=$885.30.

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Realized Return

Sometimes you will be asked to find the realized rate of return for a bond.
This is the return that the investor actually realized from holding a bond. Using time value of money concepts, you are solving for the required rate of return instead of the value of the bond.
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Example

Doug purchased a bond for $800 5-years ago and he sold the bond today for $1200. The bond paid an annual 10% coupon. What is his realized rate of return? PV = S [CFt / (1+r)t]
t=0 n

$800 = [$100/(1+r) + $100/(1+r)2 + $100/(1+r)3 + $100/(1+r)4 + $100/(1+r)5] + [$1200/(1+r)5] To solve, you need use a trail and error approach. You plug in numbers until you find the rate of return that solves the equation. The realized rate of return on this bond is 19.31%.
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Example

This is much easier to find using a financial calculator: n=5 PV = -800 FV = 1200 PMT = 100 i = ?, this is the realized rate of return on this bond Note that if the payments had been semiannual, n=10, PV=-800, FV=1200, PMT=50, i=?=9.47%. Thus, the realized return would have been 2 * 9.47% = 18.94%.

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