A SEMINAR ON

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESEARCH AND

DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Presented by GHARAT UMESH G.

M-Tech First Year II Semester (Thermal Engg.)

Roll No: 123607

NON- CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

Solar Energy Wind energy

Energy from biomass and biogas

Ocean thermal energy conversion Tidal energy Geothermal energy Hydrogen energy Fuel cells Magneto-hydrodynamics generator Thermionic converter Thermo-electric power

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

INTRODUCTION
Geo means earth and thermos means hot Geothermal energy of the earths crust originates from: - the original formation of the planet (20%) - from radioactive decay of minerals (80%)

Geothermal gradient: drives a continuous conduction of thermal

energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface Temperature at the core of the earth is about 5000C

Formation of magma
Heating of water and rocks present near the earths surface due to this magma

APPLICATIONS
Fresh Water Production Fresh Water Production Space and District Heating Agricultural Applications Balneology Industrial Process Heat Power Generation

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS

The currently used geothermal power plants are:

Flashed steam plant

Direct Steam Cycle Binary cycle power plant Hybrid power plant Hybrid power plant Enhanced geothermal system

FLASHED STEAM PLANT

DIRECT STEAM CYCLE

BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANT

ADVANTAGES
1) Geothermal energy is cheaper.
2) It is versatile in its use. 3) It is least polluting as compared to other conventional energy sources. 4) It is available for multiple uses from a single resource. 5) Geothermal power plants have highest annual load factor of 85 to 90 % compared to 45 to 50% for fossil fuel plants. 6) It delivers greater amount of net energy from its system as compared to other alternative or conventional systems. 7) Geothermal energy from the earths interior is almost as inexhaustible as solar or wind energy, so long as its sources are actively sought and economically tapped.

DISADVANTAGES
1) Low overall power production efficiency, (about 15% as compared to 35 to 40% for fossil fuel plants).

2) Drilling operation is noisy.

3) Large areas are needed for exploitation of geothermal energy as much of it is diffuse.

4) The withdrawl of large amounts of steam or water from a hydrothermal

reservoir may result in surface subsidence or settlement.

LITERATURE SURVEY
Sr. No.

LITERATURE
Derek H. Freestone, Direct

CONCLUSIONS
India has more than 300 thermal springs with temperatures of 30-100C Power potential from these areas approx. 2000 to

1. uses of Geothermal Energy (1995), Geothermics Vol.

25 No. 2, pp. 189-214, 1996. 10000 MW.

2. D. Chandrasekharam, M.C. Antu, Geochemistry of Tattapani Thermal Springs, and experimental investigations, Geothermics Vol. 24, Issue 4, August 1995, Pages 553559 The chemicall composition of Tattapani thermal springs, together with the experimental results on host rock-meteoric water interaction at 100C, indicate stages of the reaction. These phases control the chemical composition of the thermal springs. The estimated reservoir temperature 205 to 217 C. Assuing the thermal gradient of 80 C/km, the

Madhya Pradesh, India-field dissolution of K-feldspars and albite during the initial

minimum depth of the reservoir is estimated to be 3 km.

CONTINUED
Sr. No. 3. LITERATURE CONCLUSIONS

A. Minissale, D. Chandrasekharam, O. Vaslli, G. Magro, F.Tassi, G.L. Pansini, A. Brahmbhut, Geochemistry, geothermics and relationship to active tectonics of Gujrat and Rajasthan thermal discharges, India, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 127, Issues 1-2,

After sampling and analysing most thermal discharges of Rajasthan and Gujrat it is found that: Chemical and isotopic compositions in both the ares suggest meteoric origin of deep thermal waters. Associated gas phases show presence of N2+ Ar, He, low CO2 concentration. At Cambay basin, Gujrat any active deep

September 2003, Pages 19-32.

hydrothermal system has about 2 to 3 km has

low to mediaum enthalpy characteristics with max. temperature 150C

CONTINUED
Sr. No. 4. LITERATURE John W. Lunda, Derek H. Freestone, Tonya L. Boyda, Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2010 worldwide review, Geothermics 40(2011) 159180 5. Ruggero Bertani, Geothermal power Geothermal potential of India 1. Theoretical potential (106 EJ) = 0.938 CONCLUSIONS As of Dec. 2009, 265 MW are all installed for bathing and swimming with an anual use of 2545 TJ/yr.

generation in the world

2005-2010 update report,

2. Technical potential
Heat for directutilisation (EJ/year) = 1.4 Heat for electricity (EJ/ year) = 15

Geothermics 41 (2012) 1-29

CONTINUED
Sr. No. LITERATURE CONCLUSIONS 3. Heat for direct utilisation Heat for direct utilisation (EJ/yr) = 0.062 Heat for electricity (EJ/yr) = 0.613 Produced elecricity (TWh/yr) = 17

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SCENARIO OF INDIA

Geothermal power potential of India estimated from geological, geochemical, shallow geophysical and shallow drilling data is about 10,000 MW . More than 300 hot spring locations have been identified by Geological survey of India. The surface temperature of the hot springs ranges from 35C to as much as 98C. The different geothermal energy potential regions in India are:

Puga Valley (J&K) Tatapani (Chhattisgarh) Godavari Basin Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh)

Bakreshwar (West Bengal)

Tuwa (Gujarat) Unai (Maharashtra) Jalgaon (Maharashtra)

CONTINUED
Estimated (minimum) reservoir Temperature (approximately) & Status of various geothermal fields in India Estimated (minimum) Geothermal field reservoir Temperature (Approximately) Puga geothermal field 240oC at 2000m From geochemical and deep geophysical studies (MT) Tattapani Sarguja (Chhattisgarh) Tapoban Chamoli (Uttarakhand) 100oC at 430 meter 120oC - 150oC at 500 meter Magnetotelluric survey done and 200 C at 2000 m by NGRI Magnetotelluric survey done by NGRI Status

CONTINUED
Estimated (minimum) Geothermal field reservoir Temperature (Approximately) Status

160oC at 1900 meter

Cambay Garben (Gujrat) (From Oil exploration borehole)

Steam discharge was

estimated 3000 cu meter/ day with high temprature gradient Magneto-telluric study

Badrinath Chamoli (Uttarakhand) Surajkund Hazaribagh (Jharkhand)

150oC estimated

was done by NGRI. Deep drilling required to

ascertain geothermal field

Magneto-telluric study 110oC was done by NGRI. Heat rate 128.6 mW/m2

CONTINUED
Estimated (minimum) Geothermal field reservoir Temperature (Approximately) Manikaran Kullu (H P) 100oC Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI Heat flow rate 130 mW/m2 Kasol Kullu (H P) 110oC Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI Status

CONTINUED
Cost price and challanges It is not susceptible to price fluctuations New plants are currently generating electricity from 2.7 to 4.3 Rs per kWhr; onc the capital cost is recovered this price may decrease below 2.7 Rs. per kWhr Most of the costs related are to resource exploration and plant construction. But since only one in five wells yield a reservoir suirable for development , - it is expensive and - Geothermal developers must prove that they have reliable resource before investing crores of rupees .

Drilling costs around one-third to one-half to the total cost of a geothermal

project; each geothermal well may cost $ 1 to $ 5 million to drill. Transmission from plant to city area is costly since all the geothermal plants

are lolated in rural areas.

CONTINUED

Fig. Cost analysis of Geothermal Energy

CONTINUED
Barriers o Finding a suitable location o Wind, solar and hydro are more popular o Extremely capital intensive and high risk exploration stage o Presence of harmful gases Geothermal companies

Panx Geothermal LNJ Bhilwara

Tata Power
Thermax NTPC

Avin Energy Systems

GeoSyndicate Power Private Limited

R&D MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT FOR POWER GENERATION AND DIRECT HEAT USES FROM PUGAH

R&D Priorities
General priorities: Life-cycle analysis of geothermal power generation and direct use systems. Sustainable production from geothermal resources. Power generation through improved conversion efficiency cycles. Use of shallow geothermal resources for small-scale individual users. Studies of induced seismicity related to geothermal power generation (conventional

systems and enhanced geothermal systems.

Specific R&D priorities: Commercial development of EGS(Exhaust Gas Recirculation). Development of better exploration, resource confirmation and management tools. Development of deep (>3000 m) geothermal resources. Geothermal co-generation (power and heat).

CONTINUED
Geothermal Research Centres
MeSy India It acts as technical arm to governmental institutions in the conduction of scientific and geothermal research projects It stimulates new R&D projects in collaboration with Indian national research institutions and international organizations, in particular in the field of , techniques and earthquake mechanisms reservoir induced seismicity advanced mining technologies ground water production stimulation use of geothermal energy hazardous underground waste storage Apex Bodies Geological Survey of India National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Dehradun

CONTINUED
Details of Pugah Geothermal Energy Research Research done by various institutes since 1973 such as: GSI (Geological Survey of India),

NGRI (National Geophysical Research Institute),

CEA(Central Electricity Authority), ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation),

MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy)

MECL (Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited) IIT, Kanpur The deep reservoir temperature is found out to be 289 after deep drilling. NHPC with the help of an International consultant viz.M/s Geothermex Inc. USA have also estimated Pugahs Reserves as 19 MW with 90% probability of generating power for 30 years.

CONTINUED
The 17 producing wells out of 34 wells drilled in the valley produce from the shallow reservoir are hosted by a breccia type rock generated due to in the duration of morainic material.

Cumulative discharge from 17 producing wells is 300 tones/hr. Eight good out
of these 17 have a cumulative discharge of 190 tons/hr. With steam content of about 10% the stream would be 30 tons/hr and 1.5 to 2 MW of power would be generated. Also binary plant uses 20 tons/hr. of thermal discharge per MW generation and considering this, Pugah has a proven potential of generating 1.5 MW using a binary plant.

Exploitation of geothermal potential at Pugah must be expedited through a two

pronged approach short term action plan and long term action plan

CONTINUED
Jammu & Kashmir State Power Development Corporation Limited(JKSPDCL) has decided that before the main project is developed a Technology Demonstration Project Cum resources assessment project be set up to validate the resource.

Objectives of assessment:
Installation of Geothermal multi-purpose Power generation plant at Technology Demonstration scale at Pugah District Leh Any additional surface studies or geophysical surveys to acquire additional data for further understanding the geothermal resource. Subsurface studies in Pugah Geothermal Field by way of carrying out deep drilling to about 2000 m (or more) in at least two wells with an objective to

ascertain the existence and viability of the deep reservoir.

Wellhead studies and other measurements, including logging and testing of wells to understand the sustainability of thermal discharge for power generation and other possible applications.

CONTINUED
Resource evaluation studies to know the potential of the geothermal field from the point of view of optimum power generation and understand the long term behavior of the geothermal system under conditions of optimum power

generation.
Installation of a 5 MW Technology Demonstration Geothermal Power Generation and other uses Plant using appropriate technology. Evacuation of power and transmission to the nearest load centre, which in all likelihood would be Chumathang, located about 35 Km (by road) from Generating Station at Pugah Installation on Experimental/Demonstration scale the off grid applications

such as, space heating, greenhouse cultivation and creation of recreational

facilities (hot water pond/lagoon)

CONTINUED
Available Scientific Data

The geothermal anomalous area with over 100 hot springs is about 5 km2
bounded by Zildat fault in the east and Kiagar Tso fault in the west. It is this area which is accessible for drilling of production wells for power

generation.
Chemistry of thermal discharges is relatively uniform. Hot springs and borehole discharges are NaHCO3Cl type with little quantitative variation in major cations

and anions.
The 17 producing wells out of 34 wells drilled in the valley produce from the shallow reservoir hosted by a 'breccia' type rock generated due to in duration of morainic material.

CONTINUED
In light of the available geochemical and geophysical data, the shallower reservoir is fed by a deeper reservoir at temperature definitely in excess of 2200 C.

The highest bottom hole and discharge temperatures are 1300 and 1400C,
respectively. Discharge pressure in good wells is 3 kg/cm2. Estimated deep reservoir temperature is in excess of 2200C. The shallow reservoir may yield temperature of 1800C. Cumulative discharge from 17 producing wells is 300 tones/hr. Out of these 8 good wells have a cumulative discharge of 190 tones/hr. The steam content is borehole discharges varies from 8 to 15%.

CONCLUSIONS
Geothermal resources are continuously renewable sources of energy regardless

of climate or weather conditions, unlike wind or solar energy.

Reliability, sustainability, and cleanness make geothermal energy especially attractive as a source of baseload electricity generation or for direct-use

applications that need constant heat or energy.

Geothermal power plants compete economically with coal, oil, and nuclear plants in meeting baseload capacity needs, with significant environmental advantages. In order to assess potential for power generation, deep drilling shall have to be undertaken. Puga reserves have 19 MW power generation capacity with 90% reliability of producing it for 30 years.

CONTINUED
Zildat fault in the east and Kiagar Tso fault in the west of Puga is the area with 100 hotsprings over 5 squarekms area accessible accessible for drilling of

production wells for power generation.

Cumulative discharge from 17 producing wells is 300 tones/hr. Eight good out of these 17 have a cumulative discharge of 190 tons/hr from which 1.5 to 2 MW of power may be generated. Binary plant uses 20 tons/hr of thermal discharge per MW generation and considering this, Pugah has a proven potential of generating 1.5 MW using a binary plant. Before the main project is developed a Technology Demonstration Project Cum resources assessment project has to be set up to validate the resource.

REFERENCES
1) R. K. Rajput, Thermal Engineering, S. Chand Publications. 2) Derek H. Freestone, Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy (1995),

Geothermics Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 189-214, 1996.

3) D. Chandrasekharam, M.C. Antu, Geochemistry of Tattapani thermal springs, madhya Pradesh, India-field and experimental investigations , Geothermics, Volume 24, Issue 4, August 1995, Pages 553-559. 4) A. Minissale, D. Chandrasekharam, O. Vaselli, G. Magro, F. Tassi, G.L. Pansini, A. Bhramhabut, Geochemistry, geothermics and relationship to active tectonics of Gujarat and Rajasthan thermal discharges, India, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 127, Issues 12, September 2003, Pages 19-32.

CONTINUED
5) John W. Lunda, Derek H. Freestonb, Tonya L. Boyda, Direct utilization of

geothermal energy 2010 worldwide review, Geothermics 40 (2011) 159180.

6) Ruggero Bertani, Geothermal power generation in the world 20052010 update report, Geothermics 41 (2012) 1 29.

7) Sunggyu Lee and H. Bryan Lanterman, Geothermal Energy, Handbook of

Alternative Fuel technplogies. 8) Request for Proposal for 5 Mw R&D-Cum-Technology Demonstration Cum Resource Assessment Multipurpose Project For Power Generation And Direct Heat Uses From Pugah Geothermal Energy Resource In Leh J&K On Boot Basis by Jammu & Kashmir State Power Development Corporation Limited, February 2012. 9) http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/geo/geo.html