Presented By :

Jesmine Gandhi B.Tech (ECE) Sem-8

A sensor (also called detector) is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument.eg. Thermal Sensors, Humidity Sensors, Light Sensors, Motion Sensors etc. For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated against known standards.

A sensor is a device which receives and responds to a signal. A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the measured quantity changes.
A device that detects temperature is called a Thermal Sensor. Thermal sensors are found in many laptops and desktop PCs in order to sound an alarm when a certain temperature has been exceeded.

A Thermal Sensor which transmits temperature wirelessly is called a wireless thermal sensor.
It converts the measured temperature into voltage values which is used to drive the circuit. The Wireless Temperature sensor is a battery operated digital temperature sensor with a microprocessor controlled 434 MHz. FCC certified radio transmitter. The sensor needs to be calibrated for perfect measurement and efficiency.

The ATMEGA 32 based Thermal Sensor measures the temperature, converts it into analog voltage values and the analog voltage values are in turn converted to digitized form using the controller An RF Tx/Rx pair is used to wirelessly transmit the digitized voltage over the media.

It displays the temperature of the object or environment from the sensor in form of ranges defined during programming on a 16x2 LCD Screen.

ATMEGA32 Development Boards- (2) An RF Tx/Rx pair(RF 434)- (1) Breadboard- (2) LM35( Temperature sensor IC)- (1) 16X2 LCD Display- (1) Small Coil Antennas- (2)

Flash Programmer- (1)

LM 35

(Temp. Sensor)

Controller 1

Transmitter equipment

Receiver equipment

Controller 2

LCD Module

You can measure temperature more accurately than a using a thermistor. The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc. The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not require that the output voltage be amplified. It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is .01V/oC The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an accuracy of +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100 oC. Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro amps from its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability.

It is a 3 pin IC; the extreme pins are for Vcc and Ground while the middle terminal gives the output voltage.

Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25C) Rated for full -55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air Nonlinearity only C typical Low impedance output, 0.1 Ohm for 1 mA load

The controller used in this project is ATMEGA32 which is a 40 pin controller. The controller is pre-mounted on a Development Board which provides it with the required resistances and capacitances. We basically use the ADC pins (PORT A) for analog to digital conversion and vice versa of the sensor output.

The high-performance, low-power Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 16KB of programmable flash memory, 2KB SRAM, 1KB EEPROM, an 8-channel 10-bit A/D converter, and a JTAG interface for on-chip debugging. The device supports throughput of 16 MIPS at 16 MHz and operates between 4.5-5.5 volts.

By executing instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing speed.
It is enabled with dual programmable USARTs which are used to translate data between parallel and serial forms. In the current project, the USART is made to work in Asynchronous Mode.

Peripheral Features
- On-chip Analog Comparator

- Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator - Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface - Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Pre-scalar, Compare - One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Pre-scaler, Compare and Capture mode - Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator - Four PWM Channels - Programmable Serial USART - 8-channel, 10-bit ADC - Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface - Four PWM Channels - Dual Programmable Serial USARTs

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits.
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.

It is a Transmitter- Receiver pair module operating at a frequency of 434 MHz.

The TX434 is an ASK Hybrid transmitter module. TX434 is designed by the Saw Resonator, with an effective low cost, small size, and simple-to-use for designing.
Frequency Range : 315 / 433.92 MHZ. Supply Voltage : 5V. Output Power : 4~16dBm The receiver module works at a frequency of 434/315MHz. We can interface this directly with microcontroller or we can use it with the help of encoder

RF 434/315 MHz ASK RECEIVER MODULE RX434 is an ASK receiver module. The MO-RX3400-A is based on a singleconversion ,super-heterodyne receiver architecture and incorporates an entire Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) for precise local oscillator generation. It can be used on wireless security system or specific remote-control function and others wireless system

Operation voltage : 5 Volts Available frequency : 315/434 MHz

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD.

A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.
The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD

LM 35 or Temperature Sensor IC, measures the environmental or external temperature, and converts it into corresponding voltage level. With every degree change in temperature voltage corresponds to 10mV. The voltage levels are now transferred to the first microcontroller which is mounted on the development board.

MAX232 IC steps down the external voltage, to the 5 volt level required for functioning of USART in the controller.
The sensor output is connected to the first pin of the ADC port(PORT A) of ATMEGA 32(microcontroller).The Analog signals are sampled, quantized and finally digitized. Since we are using a 8 bit ADC, therefore we need 256 quantization levels. For calibration of microcontroller and Thermal Sensor, we need to divide entire span of 1.5 volts over 256 quantization levels.

The Potentiometer knob is rotated until we get the output across GND pin and output pin of thermal sensor as 1.5 volts. The USART present inside controller(ATMEGA 32) has a protocol of converting digits into characters. For this purpose we need to write the code such that characters are assigned temperature values. The digitized sensor output(from PORT D) in the form of characters is transmitted by the transmitter of RF434. The receiver intercepts the signal, transmits it into the microcontroller and as per our code the characters are converted back into temperature values .The temperatures are in turn transmitted to the 16x2 LCD and displayed.

Control can be centralized or decentralized and data can be collected and analyzed in real time or later using readily available personal computers. Escape from the entanglement in this tyranny of wires that we face in our day-to-day work.
Makes the system more reliable and efficient. Needs less maintenance and human intervention. Makes the system secured and robust.

Used in industrial furnaces. Employed in Automobile Industry. In power Plants and industrial boilers. For detecting emergency in an industrial system if the temperature goes above a prescribed limit. Forest Fire Detection. Detection of Greenhouse gases. Can be employed in Aircrafts and Submarines

We have programmed our project and it works successfully over an operating temperature of 25 51 degrees Celsius. We have used the 26 lower case alphabets to encode the range of temperature(26 degrees). The project is found to display the room temperature effectively and when a burning match stick is brought near Sensor IC, we observe a corresponding increase in temperature.

THANK YOU