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Basic Design Concepts in Process Calculations

The document discusses various concepts in process calculations including definitions of processes, systems, and their properties. It also covers units like moles, mass and volume measurements including density and specific gravity. Various concentration units are introduced such as mole fraction, mass fraction, parts per million and molarity.

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Calista Kawai
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
276 views

Basic Design Concepts in Process Calculations

The document discusses various concepts in process calculations including definitions of processes, systems, and their properties. It also covers units like moles, mass and volume measurements including density and specific gravity. Various concentration units are introduced such as mole fraction, mass fraction, parts per million and molarity.

Uploaded by

Calista Kawai
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONCEPTS IN PROCESS CALCULATIONS

AZAS TEKNIK KIMIA (CHE100)

Oleh :

Aning Ayucitra

UKWMS

Semester Genap 2010/2011

Process & System..


2

Definition of process :

Operation or series of operations that cause a physical or chemical change (or both) in a material or mixture of materials

Types of processes :
Physical or chemical Batch, continuous, or semi-batch Steady-state or transient Process units : physical components constituting a process Process streams : materials entering & leaving a process unit

...contd
3

A block diagram for the following process system to make instant coffee: Roasted coffee beans are fed to a grinder, from which the ground beans pass to a leaching unit in which the soluble coffee is extracted with hot water to give a dilute coffee solution. The residual wet solids are centrifuged to remove the retained solution, which is mixed with the solution from the leaching unit. The remaining solids are transported away for agricultural use. The combined dilute coffee solution is fed to a steam-heated evaporator to remove most of the water. The concentrated coffee solution is dried in a spray drier in which the remaining water is evaporated into a warm air stream; the dried coffee powder product is collected for packaging.

...contd
4

Roast coffee beans

Grinder
Water

Ground coffee beans Hot water Residual wet solids Concentrated solution

Leaching Unit

Dilute solution

Mixer

Evaporator
Concentrated solution Water Warm

Centrifuge

Spray Drier
air Dried coffee powder

Remaining solids (to agricultural use)

Product

Packaging

...contd
5

Definition of system :

An arrangement of physical components in a process connected or related to form or/and act as an entire unit Can be constituted by 1 or more connected process units

Physical systems : have well defined physical boundaries between the systems and the surrounding

Open system, closed system, and isolated system

Conceptual systems : arbitrarily defined with imaginary boundary for purpose of process analysis

Can contain other physical systems within its boundary control volume

...contd
6

Definition of system properties :

Quantities necessary to describe the state or condition of a system Dependent on extent (quantity) of system E.g. weight, force, energy, flowrate Independent of the mass or size of system E.g. Temperature, pressure, density, viscosity

Extensive properties:

Intensive properties:

MOLE UNIT
7

A mole is a certain number of molecules, atoms, electrons, or other specified types of particles Symbol mol in the SI system :
The

amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities (may be atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles) as there are atoms 0.012 kg of carbon 12 Composed of 6.02 x 1023 molecules Designation : g mol

...contd
8

To convert the number of moles to mass, use the molecular weight the mass per mole : g mol = mass in g / molecular weight lb mol = mass in lb / molecular weight or mass in g = (mol.wt.)(g mol) mass in lb = (mol.wt.)(lb mol) Molecular weight of the compound is the sum of the weights of the atoms of which it is composed MW of H2O = 2 H atoms + 1 O atom = (2)(1.008) + (1)(16.000) = 18.02

...contd
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What is the molecular weight of acetic acid? If a bucket holds 5.00 lb of K2SO4 (mol.wt. = ?), how many: Pound moles of K2SO4 does it contain? Gram moles of K2SO4 does it contain? How many pounds of CaO are in 10 g mol of CaO?

There is twice as much copper in 480 g of copper as there is in 240 g of copper, but is there twice as much as copper in 480 g of copper as there is silver in 240 g of silver?

MASS & VOLUME


10

DENSITY Ratio mass per unit volume Units : kg/m3, g/cm3, lbm/ft3 Densities for liquids and solids do not change significantly at ordinary conditions with pressure, but do change with temperature SPECIFIC VOLUME The inverse of the density (= volume per unit mass or unit amount of materials = 1/density) Units : ?

...contd
11

SPECIFIC GRAVITY Ratio of density of a substance to the density of a reference substance at a specific condition Reference substance :

For liquids and solids : water at 4oC For gases : air or other gases

In petroleum industry : oAPI


Calculate the density of mercury in lbm/ft3. Specific gravity of mercury at 20C is 13.546. Also calculate the volume in ft3 occupied by 215 kg mercury.
Calculate the specific gravity of nitrogen gas at -10C and 14.7 PSI.

PROBLEM :

MOLE & MASS FRACTION


12

Mole fraction The moles of a particular substance divided by the total number of moles present Mole fraction of A = (moles of A) / (total moles) Mass (weight) fraction : The mass of the substance divided by the total mass of all the substances present Mass fraction of A = (mass of A) / (total mass)

...contd
13

PROBLEMS 1. An industrial-strenght drain cleaner contains 5.0 kg of water and 5.0 kg of NaOH. What are the mass fraction and mole fraction of each component in the drain cleaner container? 2. Convert a salt concentration of 25 g/L in a solution of density 1005 kg/m3 to a mass fraction.

(hint: check all units)

CONSENTRATIONS
14

The quantity of some solute per specified amount of solvent, or solution, in a mixture of two or more component For example :

Mass per unit volume Moles per unit volume Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) Others: molarity, normality

...contd
15

PROBLEMS

The current OSHA 8 hour limit for HCN in air is 10.0 ppm. A lethal dose of HCN in air (from Merck Index) is 300 mg/kg of air at room temperature. How many mg HCN/kg air is the 10.0 ppm? What fraction of the lethal dose is 10.0 ppm? The mass rate of glucose and water in a solution pumped into a fermenter are 0.15 lbm/hr and 1.25 lbm/hr respectively. Determine the mass fraction and (mass) concentration in g of glucose per L of solution. Assume that the density of the solution is the same as water.

...contd

A gaseous mixture contains 20 g of N2, 83 g of O2, and 45 g of CO2. Calculate:


the

composition of the gas in mass fraction the composition of the gas in mole fraction the average molecular weight of the gas mixture

CONVERSION OF UNITS
17

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