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Analytical Balance. Sensitivity Increases With L, But Decreases With The Weight of The Arms

1) Analytical balances measure mass through deflection caused by applied weight. Sensitivity increases with arm length but decreases with arm weight. 2) Elastic transducers measure force through deflection of a loaded member. Deflection is detected mechanically or via strain gauges. Common types include load cells, proving rings, and strain gauge load cells. 3) Temperature affects measurements by changing material dimensions and stiffness. This can be compensated for by adding a resistor to change the bridge sensitivity in proportion to temperature changes.

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57 views23 pages

Analytical Balance. Sensitivity Increases With L, But Decreases With The Weight of The Arms

1) Analytical balances measure mass through deflection caused by applied weight. Sensitivity increases with arm length but decreases with arm weight. 2) Elastic transducers measure force through deflection of a loaded member. Deflection is detected mechanically or via strain gauges. Common types include load cells, proving rings, and strain gauge load cells. 3) Temperature affects measurements by changing material dimensions and stiffness. This can be compensated for by adding a resistor to change the bridge sensitivity in proportion to temperature changes.

Uploaded by

upendra35
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mass Measurements

1 lb = (1 lbm)(32.17ft/s
2
)/g
c

Analytical Balance.
Sensitivity increases
with L, but decreases
with the weight of
the arms.
13.3.1 Analytical Balance

M= r F
13.4 Elastic Transducers
K = F/y
F = the applied load
y = the resulting deflection at the location of F
K = the deflection constant
This is a broad category, but in most cases, a load is applied to a
member which bends as a result. The deflection is picked up by
some mechanical means, or by a secondary transducer such as a
strain gage.
Force Measurements
Load Cell A transducer that generates a voltage
signal as a result of an applied force.
1
As with pressure sensors, sensitivity trades off with frequency response
Proving Rings
This is often used as a calibration standard for loads in the range
from 300 to 300,000 lbf.
Reed
Micrometer
Proving Ring Load Cells

oy =
t
2

4
t
|
\

|
.
|
F
n
D
3
16EI
F
n

D
Very precise--used as local
standard.
Strain Gage Load Cells
Shaped to:
1) Provide an appropriate range
of force measuring capability
2) Provide sensitivity to forces in
one direction only.
Bending beam Load Cells
Cheap
Shear Beam Load Cell
Fast Response, low creep.
Temperature Sensitivity
When an elastic member changes temperature, its dimensions and
stiffness both change. Youngs modulus changes by roughly
2.5%/100F while the dimensions may change by 0.15%. This can be
compensated for by adding a resistor to the bridge with has a value
that changes with temperature.
The sensitivity of the
bridge is reduced by a
factor n where

n =
1
1+ R
s
/ R
( )

Ae
o
e
i
=
AR
2
/ R
4 + 2 AR
2
/ R
( )
(7.17 in book)

Ae
o
e
i
=
k
4
AR
R
if 2AR/R << 4 (true for strain gage bridges)
(k is the bridge constant)

Ae
o
e
i
=
kAR
4R
1
1+ R
s
/ R
( )



(

(
adding in the effect of the compensating resistor

c =
1
F
|
\

|
.
|
AR
R
P = EAc

Ae
o
P
=
e
i
4
|
\

|
.
|
FRk
A
1
E R+ R
s
( )



(

(
Sensitivity

Ae
o
P
=
e
i
4
|
\

|
.
|
FRk
A
1
E R+ R
s
( )



(

(
If E(R + R
s
) remains constant, then we
have accomplished compensation
If we assume that the modulus varies linearly with temperature (eq.
6.15) and we can find a resistor that also varies linearly with
temperature,

E R+ R
s
( )
= E 1+ cAT
( )
R+ R
s
1+ bAT
( ) | |
R
s
R
=
c
b + c
c is generally negative and b is always
positive, so b > -c
So, given the material of the member, c, we can
choose R
s
and b
Examples
Torque Measurements
Torque Load Cell
Difficult to use on a
rotating shaft.

Slip rings, telemetry
13.9.1 Mechanical and Hydraulic
Dynamometers
1) Absorption Dynamometers
dissipate mechanical energy.
Good for power systems.
2) Driving dynamometers measure
torque as they supply power
3) Transmission dynamometers
measure torque without
dissipating or supplying energy.
Prony Brakes
Water Brakes
Power absorption goes like the cube of speed
Absorption at a given speed is controlled by water level
T = FR
P = eT
Electrical Dynamometers
The eddy current dynamometer shown
generates electrical currents by rotating
a disk in a magnetic field. The
resultant currents are dissipated inside
the machine. An electrical input
allows the user to dictate the strength
of the field and thus amount of
dissipation for a given speed.
Cradled DC dynamometers
This type can drive or absorb.
Transmission Dynamometers

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