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TECHNOLOGY
Application of LIGO Technology
to Biomedical Optics

Keisuke Goda
Quantum Measurement Group @ MIT, LIGO

Collaboration with MIT Spectroscopy Lab
and Massachusetts General Hospital

LIGO Seminar
November 21, 2006
11AM

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Outline
1. A quick report on my research on squeezing-enhanced
gravitational-wave interferometers at 40m

2. Optical interferometry in biomedical optics

3. Quantitative imaging using interferometry

4. Measurement of surface tension of red blood cells by
quantitative phase microscopy

5. How LIGO technology can be applied to biomedical
optics

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Squeezing-Enhanced GW
Interferometers at 40m
Goal: To Experimentally Demonstrate a Squeezing-Enhanced GW
Interferometer in the Advanced LIGO Configuration in the GW Band
DRMI/RSE Quantum Noise Budget
Input Power to BS = 700mW
Homodyne Angle = 0
Squeeze Angle = /2
Initial Squeezing Level = 5dB
Injection Loss = 10%
Detection Loss = 10%
Interface to 40m
Squeezer based on MOPA Laser
Squeezed vacuum injected into the
dark port via the circulator
Squeeze angle locked to reduce
broadband shot noise
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Squeezing-Enhanced GW
Interferometers at 40m
Squeezing Result
About 6.0 dB of scanned squeezing
About 4.5 dB of broadband
squeezing/reduction of shot noise
Locking stability to be improved
Generation of Squeezed Vacuum
in Optical Parametric Oscillation
Vacuum seed squeezed in
presence of pump in OPO
2.2 cm OPO cavity with a
PPKTP crystal in the middle
Squeezed vacuum injected to
the dark port of the 40m IFO
Pump field generated by
second-harmonic generation
(SHG)
Pump
Seed
Squeezed Vacuum
Optical Parametric Oscillator
Input
Coupler
Output
Coupler
PPKTP
Injection of squeezed vacuum to the 40m IFO to be tested
in a month or two..
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Optical Interferometry
in Biomedical Optics
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Non-invasive optical tomographic (3D) imaging technique
Uses low-coherence interferometry
(superluminescent diodes or femtosecond lasers as a light source)
mm penetration (approx. 2-3mm in tissue)
Sub-m axial and lateral resolution
Invented by J. Fujimotos group at MIT in 1991
[Huang et al., Science, 254, 5035 (1991), Drexler et al., Nature Medicine, (2001)]
Used in many biomedical applications, especially in ophthalmology
and dermatology

Quantitative Phase Microscopy
Non-invasive phase imaging technique
Uses CW
Nanometer sensitivity
High contrast
Useful for investigation of cellar dynamics
(motility, growth, membrane motion, etc)

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Optical Coherence
Tomography (OCT)
Interferometry with a low coherent light
source
The light is split into and recombined
from reference and sample arms.
The path-length of the reference arm is
translated longitudinally.
Interference is achieved only when the
path difference between the arms lies
within the coherence length of the light
source.
) 2 exp(
2 ln 2
exp ) (
0
2
t tv
vt t
t i G
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
A
=

v t A
~
A
=
2
0
44 . 0
1 2 ln 2c
l
c
Coherence length or axial resolution

0
= center frequency of the light source
= FWHM
= optical time delay between the arms
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Optical Coherence
Tomography (OCT)
Carl Zeiss Inc.
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Quantitative Phase Imaging
Phase Contrast
Advantages over biochemical methods
Non-invasive
No preparation
Fast
Quantitative

Advantages over conventional microscopes
Quantitative
Cells are transparent they are phase objects
High contrast
High axial sensitivity
High time resolution (high speed)

Bright Field Quantitative
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Apparatus of Quantitative
Phase Microscope
LASER: a few mW at 633nm
Fiber: mode-cleaner
Objective: 100X, NA = 1.2
Transverse resolution: 0.3m
Pinhole: low-pass filter
CCD: digital hologram
Post-processing on the
computer

T. Ikeda, G. Popescu, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, Opt. Lett., 30, 1165 (2005)
Reference Arm is purposely misaligned to Sample Arm in one of the
transverse directions to create a (spatially) high frequency fringe.
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Extraction of Sample Phase Content
High-pass filtering
)] ( cos[ ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( x qx x I I x I I x I
S R S R
| + + + =
)] ( cos[ ) ( 2 ) ( x qx x I I x I
S R
| + =
)] ( cos[ 2 ) ( x qx I I x I
S R
| + =
}

+ = '
'
) ' (
2
) (
2
1
) ( dx
x x
x I P
i x I x z
t
) ( cos 2 ) ( x I I x I
S R
| =
)] ( Re[
)] ( Im[
tan ) (
1
x z
x z
x

= |
Weak dependence of the fields on x
Demodulation at q and low-pass filtering
Kramers-Kronig relation
Take the ratio of Im[z(x)] and Re[z(x)]
) ( 2
plasma cell
n n
h
=

t |
Red blood cells (RBCs):
- optically homogeneous
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Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Why interested in RBCs?

Membrane integrity Cell shape
Shape
Indicator of health
Pathology (sickle cell disease, alcoholism, etc)
Simple, flexible, dynamic
Membrane mechanics and fluctuations not well understood

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Apparatus of Phase-Locked
Quantitative Phase Microscope
Amplitude grating as a
high-pass filter to extract
only the component of
the light that matches the
fringe frequency

Dither locking with a PZT
in Reference Arm helps
investigate cellar activity
at nm sensitivity

Long-term observation of
cellar activity at a high
speed is possible with a
high speed CCD camera


G. Popescu, T. Ikeda, K. Goda, C. A. Best, M. Laposata, S. Manley, R. R. Dasari,
K. Badizadegan, and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. Lett., 97, 218101 (2006)
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RBC Fluctuations
170 frames at 10.3ms/ frame
Normal Cell
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RBC Fluctuations
170 frames at 10.3ms/ frame
Echinocyte
Echinocyte = crenated red blood cell

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10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
1 10
discocyte
echinocyte
spherocyte
GA
q
-2
q [rad/m]
A
u
2
(
q
)

[

m
-
4
]
a b
d c
0
2
4
6
8
10
50 150 250 350
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
k
o
Au
rms
[nm]
o


[
x
1
0
-
6

J
/
m
2
]
k

[
x
1
0
-
1
9

J
]
s
e
d
v
c
l
bending
tension
k
o
k
o

=
=
2
4 2
( )
B
c
K T
u q
k q q o
A
+
s - spherocytes
e - echinocytes
d - discocytes
v - vesicles
Analysis of Surface Tension
Tension increases from discocyte to spherosyte
Measurement of surface tension can be used as a
medical diagnostic tool
G. Popescu, T. Ikeda, K. Goda, C. A. Best, M. Laposata, S. Manley, R. R.
Dasari, K. Badizadegan, and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. Lett., 97, 218101 (2006)
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INSTITUTE OF
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Some More Movies
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LABORATORY
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How LIGO Technology Can Be
Applied to Biomedical Optics
Increase detector sensitivity
By Noise Reduction
By Feedback Control
By inventing a new low-noise configuration

Another Example (Detection of Neuron Swelling)
Neuron axons swell during the propagation
of action potential.
[I. Tasaki et al., Science, 210, 338 (1980)]
Neuron axons become birefringent during
the propagation of action potential.

nm

V
ms


D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

Time
C. Fang-Yen, M. C. Chu, H. S. Seung, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld,
Opt. Lett., 29, 2028 (2004)