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Katy Johanesen Ph.D. Candidate, USC Department of Earth Sciences

Katy Johanesen is a PhD candidate in geology at USC who studies chemical reactions and physical changes in rocks to understand earth's past and processes like plate tectonics and earthquakes. Her lecture discusses the structure of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how atoms bond through ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds to form compounds and molecules. She explains historical models of the atom from Democritus to Bohr and uses examples like sodium chloride, oxygen, and carbon to illustrate different bonding types.

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Mochammad Arfy Adhaditia Sasmita
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59 views

Katy Johanesen Ph.D. Candidate, USC Department of Earth Sciences

Katy Johanesen is a PhD candidate in geology at USC who studies chemical reactions and physical changes in rocks to understand earth's past and processes like plate tectonics and earthquakes. Her lecture discusses the structure of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how atoms bond through ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds to form compounds and molecules. She explains historical models of the atom from Democritus to Bohr and uses examples like sodium chloride, oxygen, and carbon to illustrate different bonding types.

Uploaded by

Mochammad Arfy Adhaditia Sasmita
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Katy Johanesen Ph.D.

Candidate, USC Department of Earth Sciences

Introduction
I am a geologist I study the chemical reactions and physical changes in rocks and what they can tell us about the past, about plate tectonics, and about processes like earthquakes and volcanoes. Chemistry is vital to my research!
Questions? Email [email protected]

Todays lecture has two parts


Atoms Molecules and Compounds

The Atom
Name comes from the greek word atoma, or "indivisible particles Democritus

This idea fell out of favor, Aristotles four elements became popular:
earth, wind, fire , and water

Robert Boyle later disproved this in the 1600s


http://atomictimeline.net/index.php for a full timeline of atom discoveries

The atom is made up of even smaller particles


Protons positive charge Neutrons no charge Electrons negative charge

Cathode ray tube experiment - discovery of the electron: electrons in the form of electricity flow from one end of the tube to the other. Watch what happens when a magnet comes near the tube. Which side of the magnet do you think they used?
Source: http://chem.illinois.edu/CLCwebsite/demos.html

Emission Spectroscopy

Each element emits different wavelengths of light (energy) when Niels Bohr explained this with a new model of the atom!

Bohr model of the Atom


Electrons are organized into energy levels or shells, also called orbitals

Outermost shell = valence electrons

Energy is absorbed when an e- moves out a level, and emitted when it moves in.

Schrdinger Model of the Atom


Electrons have properties of both particles and waves Orbitals represent probability of where the electron will be (two e- in each orbital)

The Elements
Each element has a unique atomic number
Atomic number = number of protons Each atom has an equal number of electrons Atoms with the same # protons but different # neutrons are called Isotopes

Periodic Table of the Elements: www.ptable.com

Bonding
Atoms can combine to form compounds or molecules
Ionic give and take electrons (NaCl) Covalent sharing (C) Metallic positive ions in a sea of valence electrons (Au, Cu) Hydrogen bonds (weak) Van der Waals bonds we wont talk about these.

Ionic Bonds
Atoms donate or accept valence electrons and become ions, or charged particles
Na loses one e- and forms Na1+ Cl gains one e- and forms Cl1 The charged ions attract each other and form NaCl

Most common for alkali and alkali earth metals (+), halogens (-), and some transition and post-transition metals like Fe and Al.

Na (Sodium) and Cl (Chlorine)

Na (Sodium) and Cl (Chlorine)


+ -

NaCl (table salt) crystals

Source: http://www.sciencephoto.com

Covalent Bonds
Atoms share valence electrons in a hybrid orbital between them
Two atoms of O each need two valence electrons to complete their outer shell, so they bond together to form O2

Most common for nonmetals like C, O, N, P, S, and H. Halogens also form covalent bonds with each other.

O (Oxygen): atomic number 8

O2

Note: only two electrons from each atom are shared, not all the e- in the outer shell

Carbon forms covalent bonds H


DNA N C caffeine S

amino acidphenylalanine

O graphene Source: http://news.discovery.com

Metallic bonds
Positive ions surrounded by unrestricted electrons
These can flow through the medium, which explains why metals are good conductors of electricity Can bond atoms of a single element or form alloys of two or more metals.

Common metallic bonding elements are: Au, Ag, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pt.

Xe atom on Ni crystal face


STM Scanning Tunneling Microscope is used to image the atomic structure of solids
Xenon = blue circle Nickel = red dots

Note vacancies in the structure (black holes)

http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/gallery.html

Lets try it
Its time for some bonding!
You are an element. Take a card from the center of your table. To what group of elements do you belong? Are you likely to bond in ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds? You may have more than one option, or you may not bond at all. Now find someone to bond with. Think about what your charges are if you become an ion.

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