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Chapter 1 Unit & Measurement

This document provides an overview of units and measurement in technician science. It discusses base and derived quantities, scalar and vector quantities, measurement prefixes, and standard scientific notation. Examples are given for converting between different units using prefixes and relationships between units. The document also describes systematic and random errors that can occur in measurement and lists some common measurement instruments like vernier calipers and micrometer screws.

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Alis Faezin
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4K views15 pages

Chapter 1 Unit & Measurement

This document provides an overview of units and measurement in technician science. It discusses base and derived quantities, scalar and vector quantities, measurement prefixes, and standard scientific notation. Examples are given for converting between different units using prefixes and relationships between units. The document also describes systematic and random errors that can occur in measurement and lists some common measurement instruments like vernier calipers and micrometer screws.

Uploaded by

Alis Faezin
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TECHNICIAN SCIENCE

CHAPTER 1: UNITS AND MEASUREMENT

JMSK PSP

UNDERSTANDING OF UNITS & MEASUREMENT

State the base quantity, derived quantity and its unit Express quantities using prefixes Express quantities using scientific notation Solve problems involving conversion of units Measure physical quantities using appropriate equipments Explain types of experimental errors

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CONCEPTUAL MAP
INTRODUCTION

Physical quantities

Base quantities

Derived quantities

Scalar quantities

Vector quantities

Measurement Prefixes Scientific notation (standard form

Error

Systematic error

Random error

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BASE QUANTITIES

Base Quantities are physical quantities that cannot be defined in term of other quantities. Scientific measurement using SI units (International System Units).
Table 1.1 Shows five base quantities and their respective SI units Base Quantities Length Mass Time Temperature Symbol l m t T SI Unit meter kilogram second Kelvin Symbol of SI unit m kg s K

Electric current

ampere
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A
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DERIVED QUANTITIIES

Derived Quantities are physical quantities derived from combination of base quantities through multiplication or division or both

Table 1.2 shows some of the derived quantities and their respective derived units
Derived Quantities
Area Volume Density Velocity Acceleration Force Work Energy

Symbol
A V v a F W Ep Ek

Relationship with base quantities


Length x Length Length x Length x Length Mass Length x Length x Length Displacement Time Velocity Time Mass x Acceleration Force x Displacement Mass x gravity x high @ x mass x velocity x velocity

Derived units
m2 m3 kg/m3 m/s m/s2 N J J

Power
Pressure

P
p

Force x Displacement Time


Force JMSK PSP Area

W
N/m 2
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Scalar Quantities & Vector Quantities


Scalar quantities are physical quantities that have magnitude only Vector quantities physical quantities that have magnitude and direction

Table 1.3 shows a list of some examples of scalar and vector quantities Scalar quantities Length Speed Mass Time Area Work Temperature Density Energy Volume
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Vector quantities

Displacement Velocity Acceleration Momentum Force


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PREFIXES
Prefix

Symbol
T G M k h da d c m H n P

Value
1012 109 106 103 102 10 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12

Prefixes are used to simplify the description of physical quantities that are either very big or very small.

tera giga mega kilo hekto deka desi senti mili mikro nano piko

Table 1.4 Lists some commonly used SI prefixes


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STANDARD FORM
Standard form or scientific notation is used to express magnitude in a simpler way. In scientific notation, a numerical magnitude can be written as : A x 10n, where 1 A < 10 and n is an integer Example 1.1 :
For each of the following, express the magnitude using a scientific notation. (I) The mean radius of the balloon = 100 mm (II) The mass of a butterfly = 0.0004 kg

Solution:
The mean radius of the balloon = 100 mm = 1.0 x 102 mm The mass of a butterfly = 0.0004 kg = 4.0 x 10-4 kg

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CONVERSION UNITS

Illustrates the usage of prefixes

Example 1.2 : Convert 3.5 kilometer to meter. Solution 1km = 103m = 1000m therefore 3.5 km

Example 1.3:
Express 0.0005 Mg in g Solution 1kg = 103g = 1000g 1Mg = 106g = 1000 000g therefore 0.005 Mg

= 3.5 km x 1000m 1 km = 3.5 1000 m = 3500 m

= 0.0005 Mg x 1000 000g 1 Mg = 0.0005 1000 000 g = 500 g


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JMSK PSP

CONVERSION UNITS
Example 1.4:
Change 50 msec to sec. Solution 1 msec = 10-3 sec =0.001sec Therefore 50 msec = 50 msec x Contoh 1.5: Convert 0.075 kW to mW. Solution kW W mW Therefore kW W

1 sec 0.001 msec = 50 x 1 sec 0.001 = 50 x 10-3 sec = 50 x 10-2 sec = 0.05 sec

= 0.075 kW 1000 W 1 kW = 0.075 1000 W = 75 W = 75 W 1000 mW 1W = 75 000 mW 10

W mW
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Example 1.6 : Change 60 km/j to m/s. Solution 1 km = 1000m 1 hour = 60 minute 1 minute = 60 sec

60 km/j = 60 km x 1000 m x 1 hr 1 km = 60 x 1000 m 3600 s = 16.67 m/s

1 hr 3600 s

Example 1.7 : The density of pure water is 1000 kg m-3, what is its density in g cm-3 ? Solution 1 kg = 1000 g 1 m = 100 cm 1000 kg = 1000 kg x 1000 g x ( 1 m x 1 m x 1 m ) m3 m3 1 kg 100 cm 100 cm 100 cm = 1000 x 1000 g 1 00 00 00 cm3 = 1 g cm-3

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EXERSICE
Convert the following units
1. 2.

3.
4. 5. 6.

7.

120 cm in unit meter (m) 550 mg in unit gram (g) 5600 mV in KV 9.81 m/s in unit km/j 8500 cm2 in m2 908 g/cm3 in kg/m3 45 g/cm2 in kg/m2

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MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

Vernier calipers

Micrometer screw gauge


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Ruler
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ERROR IN MEASUREMENT

An error is the difference between the measured value and the actual value. There are 2 main types of errors in measurement
Systematic errors May be due to the error in calibration of instruments Zero error is due to non-zero reading when the actual reading should be zero

Random errors

Due to mistakes made by observer when taking measurement either through incorrect positioning of the eye (parallax) or the instruments when taking measurement
It may also occur when there is a sudden change of environmental factors like temperature, air circulation and lighting
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