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Open Hole Well Logging: Tools, Utility and How To Interpret The Chart

This document discusses open hole well logging. It provides an overview of logging tools and how they are used to interpret well logs. Specifically, it covers: 1) Common logging tools like gamma ray, resistivity, and porosity logs and how they are used to evaluate hydrocarbon zones. 2) Factors that impact log interpretation like vertical resolution, invasion effects, and definition of resistivities. 3) The logging process where tools are run in a well on a wireline to collect data on formation properties. 4) How well logs are used to determine lithology, fluid content, porosity, and hydrocarbon type for reservoir evaluation and characterization.

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301 views36 pages

Open Hole Well Logging: Tools, Utility and How To Interpret The Chart

This document discusses open hole well logging. It provides an overview of logging tools and how they are used to interpret well logs. Specifically, it covers: 1) Common logging tools like gamma ray, resistivity, and porosity logs and how they are used to evaluate hydrocarbon zones. 2) Factors that impact log interpretation like vertical resolution, invasion effects, and definition of resistivities. 3) The logging process where tools are run in a well on a wireline to collect data on formation properties. 4) How well logs are used to determine lithology, fluid content, porosity, and hydrocarbon type for reservoir evaluation and characterization.

Uploaded by

aistop
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Open Hole Well Logging: Tools, Utility and How to Interpret the Chart

Miftahul Firdaus
Petroleum Engineering UPNVeteran Yogyakarta Yogyakarta, 19 July 2008

The Short Course


What you should know
Basic hydrocarbon geology Basic reservoir engineering Basics of drilling a well Basic Logging tools?

What you should learn..?


What logging means Understanding of log analysis Simple log analysis (Quick Look) Comparison to core Introduction to computer (S/W) based interpretation

Contents :
The Logging Environment & Evaluation of HC Permeable Zone Logs. Spontaneous Potential Log (SP) Gamma Ray Logs (GR) Resistivity Logs. Induction Logs Lateral Logs Porosity Logs. Neutron Logs Densitas Logs Sonic Logs Clean Formation Interpretation Shaly Formation Interpretation

Logging Environment & Evaluation of Hydrocarbon

Definitions
Log Sampling rate / logging speed Vertical resolution Depth of investigation Invasion Logging truck/unit Logging tools

THE LOGGING ENVIRONMENT

Maxis acquisition system


Wireline /field Engineer Client (Witness) Acquisition Equipment Unit Engine

Winch man Cable drum

Wireline cable to downhole tools

Logging Truck

Type of Logging
Open hole logging Cased hole logging
Perforation & Production logging

What does logging mean?


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What does logging mean?


Tool string is moving at a certain logging speed, and data are recorded at certain intervals called sampling rate.
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What does logging mean?


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What does logging mean?


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What does logging mean?


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What does logging mean?


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And we get a group of wiggly lines called a log

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First well logs recorded in 1927

Modern logs have more measurements but the principle is the same
1600

Shading is often added to make the log curves easier to read. Some times a large group of log curves are grouped and color coded into an Image. More on this later

1700
Gamma Ray (GR) 0 (GAPI) 150 1:220 Ft Pad -180 180 1 RX18 200 1 1000 Rt from HALS 1000 5.00 7.75 12.01 18.62 28.85 44.72 69.81 107.43 166.51 258.08 400.00 AHTPR

SP (SP) 0 (MV)

FXND 50 (PU) 0 1

Rt from AITH (OHMM) 1000

Mud Resistivity from HALS 1 Mud Resistivity from AITH 1 (OHMM) 1000 1000 90

90

Vertical Resolution + Sampling Rate

Coarse sampling rate

Fine sampling rate

Volume of measurement depth of investigation Depth of investigation of different measurements J-curves

Invasion Process

The Process of Invasion


Mud pressure in the annulus (Pm) Hydrostatic pressure of fluid in the formation pores (Pr)

Pm must be kept greater than Pr


Prevent a well blowout Forces drilling mud into the formation
Invasion happens solid particles on the formation wall & form a mud cake Liquid that passes into the formation and pushes back some of reservoir fluids , mud filtrate

Invasion

Invasion Profile

Nomenclature:
Borehole: Rm = Resistivity of mud. Rmc = Resistivity of mud cake. Flushed Zone: Rmf = Resistivity of mud filtrate. RXO = Resistivity of flushed zone. SXO = Water Saturation of flushed zone. Uninvaded or Virgin Zone: RT = True resistivity of formation. RW = Resistivity of formation water. SW = Formation Water Saturation. RS = Resistivity of adjacent bed or shoulder bed resistivity. di = Diameter of invasion. dh = Borehole diameter. h = Bed thickness.

Impact of Invasion on Resistivity Measurement


1. Flushed zone diameter (df.) Containing only Mud Filtrate (Rmf ) Residual Hydrocarbon Resistivity of Flushed Zone (Rxo). Water Saturation of Flushed Zone (Sxo). Thickness ~ 6 inches.

2. Transition zone diameter (dj.) May extend several feet.


3. Undisturbed zone: Resistivity of Formation Water (Rw) True Resistivity of Formation (Rt) Water Saturation (Sw) .

Fundamental Interpretation Relations

Definition of Resistivities

Definition of Resistivities
A. Resistivity of Formation Water (Rw). First, the tank is filled with water containing 10 % NaCl to simulate an formation water. The ratio V / I1 (volts/amperes) is Rw V Rw = ----- [ ohmm] I1 B. Resistivity of Formation (Ro). Sand is poured into the water filled tank. The voltage is applied and a current I2 is measured. V Ro = ----- [ ohmm] I2

Ro > Rw

Formation Factor, F
The Resistivity, Ro must be proportional to Rw since only the water conducts. Ro1 = F Rw1 Ro2 = F Rw2 Ro3 = F Rw3 Thus, Ro = F Rw The proportionality constant F is termed the Formation Factor Dimana F = Formation Resistivity Factor. On general principles, F must be related to porosity by relation of the form : 1 F = ----------m m = Cementation exponent, m = 1.3 - 2.2 (1)

(2)

Archies Plot, Formation Factor (F) Vs Porosity () & Permeability (K)

Definition of Resistivities
C. True Resistivity (Rt). Fraction of the pore water is replaced by oil (Sw < 1) The same voltage, V, and current I3 V Rt = ----- [ ohmm] I3 Rt = I Ro where, I = Resistivity Index

Rt > Ro

(3)

1 I = ----------Sw n where, n = Saturation exponent ( 2)

(4)

Knowing Ro and Rt (from eq. 1,2,3&4), Water saturation (Sw) can be calculated : Ro = ----------Sw n

Rt

Sw n

F. Rw = -----------Rt

This is the basic equation of log interpretation

Logging Tools

Standard Logging String (Triple Combo)


Formation Gamma Ray Neutron Porosity Density (Porosity) Caliper (hole size) Pad Resistivity (good v.resolution) Resistivity (good depth investigation) Spontaneous Potential Mud Resistivity

Conveyance
Open Hole Measurements : Wireline Logging. LWD (Logging While Drilling) Logging on Drill Pipe (TLC) Tractor

Why we log ?

Why we log ?

Lithology (reservoir rock?) Resistivity (HC,water,both?) Porosity (how much HC?) What type of HC

Multiwell Plots

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