1. Introduction to Data Communications 2.

Protocols Concepts and Layered Architecture

3. Data Link Layer Protocols and Local Area Networks

4. Network Layer Protocols and Wide Area Networks 5. Internetworking Protocols and Internet 6. Transport Layer Protocols and Open Systems 7. Broadband-ISDN and ATM

Fall 1999

Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture

62

Protocol Concepts A protocol is the agreement between two communicating entities. An entity may be a computer system process, a hardware module, or an application program, etc. Take some analogies, the protocol between two persons in conversation is the language they used; while the protocol between two deaf persons is the gesture, and so forth.
A computer communication protocol consists of three key elements : Syntax: data format, data fields specification, signal level, etc Semantics: the meaning that the data carrying, such as control information and error handling Timing: data packet sequencing and sender/receiver speed matching

A protocol has some characteristics: Direct/indirect Monolithic/structured Symmetric/asymmetric Standard/nonstandard

Fall 1999 Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture 63

Protocol Concepts
Functions of Communications Protocols Segmentation and reassembly Encapsulation Connection control Ordered delivery Flow control Error control Synchronization Addressing Multiplexing Transmission services

Segmentation and reassembly Advantages for segmentation - A communication network only accept messages with limited size. - Error control is more efficient with smaller PDU. - Shorter delay, fair share of transmission facilities - Only need smaller buffers - Ease the checkpoint and recovery during data transfer Disadvantages - The smaller the PDU, the larger the overhead - Smaller PDU needs more interrupt for service - More processing time needed (for processing PDUs)
Fall 1999 Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture 64

Protocol Functions
Encapsulation Encapsulation is to add the control information into data. The control information include: - Address - Error-detecting code - Protocol control Connection Control Connection-Oriented data transfer. It includes 3 phases - Connection establishment - Data transfer - Connection termination Usually, it uses sequence number to support ordered delivery, flow control, and error control Connectionless data transfer Ordered Delivery In the receiving side, the sequence of the PDU must be maintained. The maximum number may need to be twice the maximum number of PDUs that could be outstanding.
Fall 1999 Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture 65

Protocol Functions
Addressing

Station A

Station B

File server Port

AP X
Logical connection Network Services

AP Y

Network Services protocol

Logical connection, process-to-process protocol

Fall 1999

Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture

66

Protocol Functions
Naming approach The name of a network entities can be distinguished by - Local name - Global name Since there are different vendors and different systems, there is no unique solution for naming and addressing of entities. However, some common topics for naming can be considered: - Name structure, the global names can be * Hierarchical NETWORK . SYSTEM . ENTITY (Global name) (Local name)

Easier to add new names, also easier for routing * Flat A set of global names were mapped to the entities in a local group
Fall 1999 Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture 67

Protocol Functions Naming approach(continued)

- Name knowledge, this is regarding how to find the name of interest. Suppose entity 1 in system A is trying to access a generic service in system B. There are several approaches: * Use directory to map generic services onto global names * Use a well-known entity on system B. Entity 1 queries this entity for the global name of system B * The well-known entity on system B is a log-on facility - Connection names, a connection name is usually a number, it is provided when a connection is established, and it is used until the connection is terminated. Advantages of using connection names are as follows: * Reduced overhead: connection names are generally shorter than the global names * Routing: a fixed route may be defined * Multiplexing: when multiple connections are connected to an entity, the incoming PDU must be identified by connection names - Port names, A port name is a global entity name - Group names, A group name is a name that refers to more than one entity or port
Fall 1999 Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture 68

Protocol Functions
Multiplexing - Upward multiplexing

Higher-level Lower-level

This type of multiplexing makes more efficient use of the lower-level service - Downward multiplexing, also called splitting Higher-level Lower-level This technique is used to provide reliability, performance, or efficiency Transmission Services Additional services provided by a protocol - Priority - Grade of service - Security
Fall 1999 Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture 69

The OSI Model OSI Layered Architecture

peer to peer protocol Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Network Data link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical

Fall 1999

Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture

70

The OSI Model OSI Layer Concepts Principles in defining the OSI layers 1. Do not create too many layers 2. Create boundary so that services description and layer interactions are minimized 3. Separate layers handle manifestly different process 4. Collect similar functions into the same layer 5. Using past successful experience for define boundaries 6. Create a layer of easily localized functions so that layer could be totally redesigned without changing the services in the adjacent layers 7. Create a boundary where it may be useful at some point in time to have the corresponding interface standardized 8. Create a layer where there is a need for a different level of abstraction in the handling of data 9. Allow changes of functions or protocols to be made within .a layer without affecting other layers 10. Create for each layer boundaries with its upper and lower layer only
Fall 1999 Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture 71

The OSI Model

Purpose - To provide a common basis for the coordination of standards development for the purpose of systems interconnection, while allowing existing standards to be placed into perspective within the overall Reference Model - To identify areas for developing or improving standards, and to provide a common reference for maintaining consistency of all related standards - It only provides a conceptual and functional framework which allows international teams of experts to work productively and independently on the development of standards for each layer of the Reference Model of OSI * In OSI model, if application X tries to send a message to application Y, it invokes application layers (layer 7). Layer 7 establishes a peer relationship with layer 7 of the target machine, using layer 7 protocol. Layer 7 protocol requires services from layer 6, therefore two layer 6 entities use a protocol of their own, and so on down to the physical layer, which actually transmit the bit streams. * There is no direct communication between peer layers except at the physical layer. * The OSI model solves the heterogeneous computer communications problem.
Fall 1999 Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture 72

Protocol and services (N+1) layer (N+1) (N) service entity access point (N) layer

(N) entity

Protocol

(N-1) layer
(N-1) entity (N-1) Connection (N-1) service access point (SAP)

Fall 1999

Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture

73

Service Primitives and Parameters Service user (layer N) X.request t1 Service provider (layer N-1) Service user (layer N) t2 X.indication t3 X.response X. confirm t4 Service user (layer N) X.request t1 Service provider (layer N-1) Service user (layer N) t2 X.indication

Fall 1999

Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture

74

Perspectives on the OSI architecture

Application User oriented Presentation Session End-to-end connection oriented Transport Network Point-to-point link oriented Data Link Physical Network service Users of transport service

Fall 1999

Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture

75

TCP/IP Protocol Suite Difference between TCP/IP and OSI - Concept of hierarchy versus layering - The importance of networking - The utility of connectionless services - The approach to management functions

Protocol Architecture - Network access layer, provides access to a communication network, data routing, flow control, error control - Internet layer, consists of the procedures required to allow data to traverse multiple networks between hosts. It provides routing functions, routing, data relay - Host-host layer, contains protocol entities with the ability to deliver data between two processes on different host computers, data exchange, flow control, error control - Process/application layer, contains protocols for resource sharing and remote access

Fall 1999

Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture

76

TCP/IP Protocol Suite TCP/IP Protocol Suite The concept of a "suite of protocols in a stack handles all of the functions in communications. It is different from the traditional concept of communications protocols. Originally communications protocols simply took care of handling errors on a local communications link. The older protocols were usually linked into the specific application program or designed around a closed set of proprietary standards or communications hardware.
Fall 1999

Application Layer

User Applications

Service Layer

Services (E-mail, FTP, etc.) Data Transport

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Internetworking

Link Layer

Data Link

Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture

77

TCP/IP Protocol Suite Layering in a TCP/IP Internet Environment Host A Application

Identical message Identical packet

Host B Application

Transport

Transport

Router Internet Network Interface

Identical datagram Identical frame Physical Net 1 Fall 1999

Internet Network Interface

Identical datagram Identical frame Physical Net 2

Internet

Network Interface

Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture

78

Contemporary Layered Structure

It provides access to the end user or some data repository such as database It is the communication path between user applications and the network infrastructure, also defines the communicating method It provides logical partitioning of subnetworks, scalability, security, and Quality of Service, also bandwidth reservation and packet delay bounding It provides addressing and attachment of end stations, also packet prioritization

Application
Transport Routing Switching Interface

It provides the connectivity for network devices

Fall 1999 Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture 79

Protocol Architecture for Internet Multimedia Communication Services

Conference Control RSVP Shared Tools Session Directory

Audio

Video

SDP
SDAP HTTP TCP SMTP

RTP and RTCP

UDP

IP
Integrated Services Forwarding

Fall 1999

Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture

80

ATM Protocol Model

Management Plane

Plane Management
Control Plane Higher Layers User Plane

Layer Management
High Layers

ATM Adaptation Layers (AALs)

ATM Layer Physical Layer

Fall 1999

Protocol Concepts and Layered Architecture

81