MC-CDMA

Dr. P.Dananjayan
Professor & Chairman (PG Programmes)
Pondicherry Engineering College
Pondicherry
[email protected]
 Contents

I. Introduction to Communication System

II. Spread Spectrum Communication

III. Mobile Communication

IV. GSM

V. CDMA

VI. MC-CDMA
 Basic Communication System

wired / wireless

Input Transmissio Output

Transducer n Medium Transducer
Transmitte Receiver
r

Noise
 Communication media
2. Wireless Communication

Tx Rx

* Cellular
* WLAN
* Satellite Communication
* Radio, TV Broadcast
Communication modes

Communicati
on Modes

Simplex
(Radio, TV Duplex
Broadcast)

Full Duplex
Half Duplex
(Telephone
(Walkie Talkie)
network)
RF Spectrum
 Telecommunication network
Satellite

Microwave Access
medium

Access
medium

Trunk Trunk
Exchange Exchange Local
Exchange
Local
Exchange

Cable - Copper

Cable - Fibre Optic

 Heterogeneous Service

 Voice

 Video

 Data
 Multiple Access Techniques

Sharing the resource by many users

1. Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA)

2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

FDMA FDMA

• The RF spectrum is
Power divided into
different channels
of equal BW
USER 1 • Each channel is
USER 2 assigned to one
Time
USER 3 user
• Inefficient use of
assigned BW
• 30 KHz BW per
Frequency
channel for cellular
 TDMA

• The RF spectrum is
divided into carriers
Power • Each carrier is then
divided into time slots
(channels)
U U
U
S
E
S
E
S • Each channel is assigned
E
R R
R Time to one user
1 2 3 • User can transmit /
receive when carrier
Frequency serves their time slot
• 3 users can share one
FDMA channel
 CDMA
* Radio spectrum is divided into
wide band carriers (1.23 MHz)
* Each user of this band is
Power
assigned a unique code (PRN)
USER CODE 1 * The code is modulated by
data and sent over the entire
Time
USER CODE 2
carrier
USER CODE 3
* CDMA is based on spread
spectrum technology
* Permits multiple user access
Frequency
to be identified by the unique
code
 Concept of Spread Spectrum
Technology

The transmitted signal bandwidth is much larger

than the signal bandwidth. Intentionally the
bandwidth is expanded.

Ex: The digitized speech signal of 9.6 kbps may be

transmitted at 1.228 Mbps ( expansion of 128
times)
 Spread Spectrum

• A special modulation technique

• The transmitted signal occupies much wider BW

than that of the information (data) signal
• The BW is spread using PN codes
• Signal looks like Noise with flat uniform spectrum
• Receiver synchronizes to the code to recover data
To build immunity against interference, Multi-path
fading.
Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum - Transmitter
DSSS-Introduction

PSD PSD
BW

f
BW f

* The transmission Bandwidth is increased many times that of

information Bandwidth

* Spreading is done by combining data with Pseudo Random Noise

(PRN)
* The power spectral density(PSD) of SS signal is much lower than the
narrow band signal.
* The energy radiated by the transmitter causes minimum interference
Spread Spectrum - Receiver

PSD PSD
BW

f f

BW
* Interference / Jamming signal will be spread out during de-
spreading
* The amplitude of Jamming signal is greatly reduced
* The SS signal is de-spread to generate original narrow
band signal
 Types of SS

• Direct Sequence SS (DSSS)

• Frequency Hopping SS (FHSS)
DS CDMA Transmitter

x(t)

q(t)
d(t)

c(t
)
PN Sequence
Cos wct

d(t) = data
c(t) = spreading signal
q(t) = spread signal
x(t) = transmitted signal
DS CDMA Receiver

x(t)
x1(t) y(t) d1(t)
BPF LPF
c1(t)

PN code Cos wct

generator

c1(t) = despreading sequence

= c(t) of Tx
d1(t) = despread signal
= d(t) of Tx
DSSS Spectrum
 Power Spectrum of DSSS

Noise Level
Power

Transmitted
DSSS Signal

2Rc
Frequency
 Benefits of spread spectrum
technology

 Low Power Spectral Density

 Low Probability of Interception
 High Immunity to Jamming and Interference
 Multiple Access Capability
 Protection against multi-path Interference
 Privacy and Security of data

Well suited for Secured, Jam proof, Reliable

Communication
Comparison of TDMA and
CDMA


TDMA

3 - 4 times capacity

 CDMA - 1995

10 times more capacity

Better voice quality

Security, Broader coverage
Need for Mobile Communication

 On move
 Any time, Any where
 History of Mobile
Communication

1888 - Discovery of EM waves by Hertz

1901 - Demonstration of Transatlantic Radio

telegraphy by Marconi

1920 - Push to talk simplex mobile for police

1946 - Public mobile radio system in US

1979 - The first commercially automated cellular

network (1G) was launched in Japan
1984 - Bell Labs developed modern commercial cellular technology

1991 - Digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology was

launched by Radiolinja in Finland on the GSM standard

1993 - The first data services appeared on mobile phones starting with
person-to-person SMS text messaging in Finland

1999 - The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by
NTT DoCoMo in Japan

2001 - The first commercial launch of 3G in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the

WCDMA standard

NTT - Nippon Telegraph and Telephone

DoCoMo - Do Communications Over the Mobile Network
 A Cellular Network
2 • Cells grouped into a
7 3 cluster of seven
1
6 4 • Numbers indicate
2 5 frequency use
7 3 2 • To add more users,
1 7 3 smaller cells
6 4 1 (microcells) are used
5 6 4 • Frequencies may not
5 need to be different in
CDMA (soft handoff)
 Uplink and Downlink
 Uplink
Pertaining to GSM and cellular
networks, the radio uplink is the
BTS
transmission path from the
Mobile Station (Cell Phone) to a
Base Station (Cell Site)
Downlink Uplink
 Downlink
Pertaining to cellular networks,
the radio downlink is the MS MS
transmission path from a Base
Transceiver Station (Cell Site) to
the Mobile Station (Cell Phone).
Issues in Mobile Communication

 Co channel Interference
 Adjacent channel Interference
 Limited Capacity
 Roaming
 Generations

 1G Analog Cellular
 2G TDMA – GSM
 2G CDMA - IS-95
 2.5G
 3G
 Beyond 3G
 1G

 Around 1970,Country specific, Analog transmission,

primarily speech
 TACS (UK) : Total Access Communication
System
890-915 MHz & 935-960 MHz

 NMT (Europe) : Nordic Mobile Telephone

890-915 MHz & 935-960 MHz

 AMPS (US) : Advanced Mobile Phone System

824-849 MHz & 869-894MHz
 Limitations of 1G

Analog Technology

Limited Services

Low User Data Rates

Country Specific

Bulky Systems

Different Frequency Spectrum

Analog cellular phones are insecure. Anyone

with an all band radio receiver can listen in
(many scandals)
 2G
Early 1980, Region specific, based on Digital transmission

 PDC (Japan) Personal Digital Cellular

810-826 MHz & 940-956 MHz

 GSM (EU) Global System for Mobile

Communication
935-960 MHz & 890-915 MHz

 D AMPS (US) Digital AMPS

869-894 MHz & 824-849 MHz

 IS 95 (US) CDMA
869-894 MHz & 824-849 MHz
 GSM System Architecture
PSTN
ISDN
BSC PDN

MS BTS
MSC

GMSC

BTS BSC

VLR
MS

BTS EIR
AUC
MS HLR
 GSM

• Up link frequency 890 - 915

MHz
• Down Link frequency 935 - 960
MHz
• Carrier Spacing 200 KHz
• No. of Channels 1000 full
duplex
Two 1991 GSM Mobile
• Modulation GMSK Phones
• Multiplexing
FDMA/TDMA/FDD
 Advantages of 2G


Bandwidth Reduction per
Channel

Greater Noise Immunity

Greater Security (Encoding)

Mobile Assisted Hand-off
 Limitations of 2G

 Limited capacity
 Narrow band
 Low data rate
 Voice & data only
 Regional Roaming
 Advantages of 3G

 Seamless global roaming.

 Support for high speed data and
multimedia applications

 144 kbps while moving,

 384 kbps for pedestrian
 2 Mbps wireless access in local area.
 Wireless Network Evolution to
3rd Generation
3G
2 Mbps
CDMA Migration CDMA2000
3XRTT W-CDMA
1G-2G Migration (UMTS) (UMTS)
500 kbps
TDMA Migration

2.5G
150 Kbps EDGE
CDMA-2000
1XRTT
100 Kbps

GPRS
2G
50 Kbps

10 Kbps IS-95
1G
GSM
1 Kbps AMPS

1980 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Cdma One TDMA GSM 2G
(IS-136)

GPRS
IS-95B 2.5G
EDGE

Cdma2000 W-CDMA
(1x,3x) (FDD & TDD) 3G

3GPP2 3GPP
 CDMA ARCHITECTURE
Operation & Maintenance Mobile for
Centre Limited
Mobility

Base
Transceiver FWT
Station
FAX
nk
E1
Li

V5.2 Base
EXCHANG

Station
E

16E1’S Controller

FWT
E1 = 2048 Kbps
E1 nk
Li

Base
FWT
Transceiver
Station

FWT
 Issues in 3G
 Capacity
 Data rate
 144 kbps while moving,
 384 kbps for pedestrian
 2 Mbps wireless access in local area.
 Interferences
 Fading
 Services
 Channel capacity

S 1

N M 1

Eb 1 W

N 0 ( M  1) R

where W/R is the processing gain

Channel capacity (contd.,)

Eb 1 W  1 
  
N 0 ( M  1) R  1  

where η is the loading factor

(1+η) is the frequency reuse
factor
 is sectorization gain
v is voice activity factor
 Fading
Frequency Selective Fading
• Inter-symbol Interference
• Complex equalizer

Flat Fading

NO Inter-symbol Interference

NO complex equalizer
Multi carrier technology-Motivation
 Orthogonal FDM

 Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

transmits multiple signals simultaneously
over a single transmission path, such as a
cable or wireless system.
 Each signal travels within its own unique
frequency range (carrier), which is modulated
by the data.
 Orthogonal FDM's (OFDM) technique
distributes the data over a large number of
carriers that are spaced apart at precise
frequencies.
 This spacing provides the "orthogonality" in
this technique which prevents the
OFDM Spectral Efficiency
M
OFDM

 OFDM: a form of
Multicarrier Modulation.
 Different symbols are
transmitted over
different subcarriers
 Spectra overlap, but
signals are orthogonal.
 Example:Rectangular
waveform -> Sinc
spectrum
OFDM
OFDM Multicarrier Modulation

Advantages
 Need for MC-CDMA

• Problem of DS-CDMA
• Frequency-selective multi-path fading

• Advantages of MC-CDMA
• Frequency diversity
• Frequency non-selective fading
• High spectral efficiency => orthogonal channels
 MC-CDMA
 Spreads signal over different carriers
 Spreading code in frequency domain
 Same symbol is transmitted over all
sub-carriers
 Received signal is combined
 All signal energy is used for detection

Various different proposals

(1) DS-CDMA followed by OFDM
(2) OFDM followed by DS-CDMA
(3) DS-CDMA on multiple parallel carriers
 MC-DS-CDMA
 OFDM + DS-CDMA

 Direct-spreading before frequency diversity

 Each subcarrier signal is direct-spread

 With common signature sequence

 Multi-carrier => robust to multipath fading

 DS => rejection to narrowband interference

 Lower chip rate required
 I-FFT: OFDM Transmission

User cos(wct)
symbols

cos(wct+ wst)

Parallel-to-
Serial-to-

I-FFT
Serial-to-
parallel

Parallel
cos(wct+ iwst)

Serial
cos(wct+ (N-1)wst)

 Transmission of QAM symbols on

parallel subcarriers
 Overlapping, yet orthogonal
 MC-CDMA

TRANSMITTER

DS-CDMA System
MC-CDMA System
 MC-CDMA

Receiver

DS-CDMA System MC-CDMA System

 MC-CDMA

 In terms of spectral efficiency, both DS-

CDMA and MC-CDMA have the same
spectral bandwidth.

• However, if spectrum sharing among service

providers is an option, MC-CDMA inherent some
benefits over DS-CDMA.
 MC-CDMA
 In DS-CDMA, if the number of users is less, there is not
really an efficient method for the service provider to loan its
spectrum to others that needed more bandwidth.

 However, it is possible in the MC-CDMA system. This is also

true for the case where a service provider needs to borrow
bandwidth from other providers.

• It is clear that MC-CDMA is more efficient in the sense of

spectrum sharing.
• DS-CDMA in spectrum sharing will needs to borrow the
entire bandwidth
•  Inefficient use of frequency spectrum
• MC-CDMA  Better spectrum efficiency.
 Future Trends – 4G
 Users Information Rates - 2 Mb/s to 20 Mb/s

 Global Roaming & Internetworking

 More Services than 3G

 Guaranteed QOS

 Support of Variety of Terminals

 Support of broadband mobile multimedia, high

definition moving pictures, broadcast and
distribution services
 4G Systems
IP+WPAN+WLAN+WMAN+WWAN+any other stragglers = 4G

4G : Convergence of

Fixed Vehicle Content Server

Mobile (Media Server)
Mobile Public
Transportati
Satellite on
Micro-Cell 4G Network

Broadcast Macro-Cell IP Back

R-LAN
bone/Inter
net
Indoor
WLL
Pico-Cell
Cordles
s

Cordless
Subscriber Loop
PSTN
ISDN
2,3G Network
 Possible Applications of 4G

 Full motion video

 Home entertainment systems
 Advanced location systems etc.
 3G Vs. 4G

Parameter 3rd Generation 4th Generation

Frequency band 1.8 – 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz

Bandwidth 5 – 20 MHz 5 – 20 MHz
Data Rate Up to 2 Mbps Up to 20 Mbps or
(384 Kbps WAN) more

Access Wideband CDMA Multi-carrier-CDMA or

OFDM (TDMA)

FEC Turbo-codes Concatenated Codes

Switching Circuit/ Packet Packet

Mobile Top speeds 200 Km 200 Km.
TOWARDS BROADBAND MOBILE MULTIMEDIA

1G 2G 3G 4G

Analog Digital Digital Digital

Voice Voice +Data Ckt. switched Voice + Data
Multiple SMS + Packet switched +Video
Standard Supple. Voice+Data+Video Mobile
Services Multimedia multimedia
Multiple Single Standard
Standard
 y 2 0 1 5
n o w s b
Who k o rs /
o p e ra t
– 2 0 2 0 , a y
t u re rs m
a n u f a c
m G ? ? ?
n k f o r 5
th i
Portable Cellphone 1970's

Analog Motorola
DynaTAC8000X
Advanced Mobile Phone
System
References
 References

 www.tellabs.com
 B.G.Evans and K.Baughan,
“Visions of 4G”, Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Journal, pp.293-303, December
2000.
 www.4gamericas.org
 www.artesianmedia.com
Questions?