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Activity and Exercise

The document discusses activity, exercise, and their effects on the body. It defines four elements of movement - alignment, joint mobility, balance, and coordinated movement. It also defines and compares different types of exercises - isotonic, isometric, isokinetic, aerobic, and anaerobic. Further, it examines the effects of both exercise and immobility on various body systems and lists factors that can influence a person's activity levels.

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SIVA KRISHNA PRASAD ARJA
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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165 views

Activity and Exercise

The document discusses activity, exercise, and their effects on the body. It defines four elements of movement - alignment, joint mobility, balance, and coordinated movement. It also defines and compares different types of exercises - isotonic, isometric, isokinetic, aerobic, and anaerobic. Further, it examines the effects of both exercise and immobility on various body systems and lists factors that can influence a person's activity levels.

Uploaded by

SIVA KRISHNA PRASAD ARJA
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Activity and Exercise

Learning Outcome
Describe four basic elements of normal movement. Differentiate isotonic, isometric, isokinetic, aerobic, and anaerobic exercise. Compare the effects of exercise and immobility on body systems. Identify factors influencing a persons body alignment and activity. Assess activity-exercise pattern, alignment, mobility capabilities and limitations, activity tolerance, and potential problems related to immobility. Develop nursing diagnoses and outcomes related to activity, exercise, and mobility problems. Use safe practices when positioning, moving, lifting, and ambulating clients.

Body movement requires coordinated muscle activity and neurologic integration. It involves four basic elements:
Body alignment (posture) Joint mobility Balance Coordinated movement

Body Alignment/Posture

Brings body parts into position that promotes optimal balance and body function Person maintains balance as long as line of gravity passes through center of gravity and base of support
ROM is maximum movement possible for joint ROM varies and determined by
Genetic makeup Developmental patterns Presence or absence of disease Physical activity

Joint Mobility

Body alignment

Coordinated Movement
Complex mechanisms Proprioception
Awareness of posture, movement, changes in equilibrium Knowledge of position, weight, resistance of objects in relation to body

Balance
Smooth, purposeful movement Result of proper functioning of cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia
Cerebral cortex initiates voluntary movement Cerebellum coordinates motor activity Basal ganglia maintains posture

Isotonic (Dynamic) Exercise


Muscle shortens to produce muscle contraction and active movement Increase muscle tone, mass, and strength Maintain joint flexibility and circulation Heart rate and cardiac output increase

Isometric (Static or Setting) Exercise


Muscle contraction without moving the joint (muscle length does not change) Involve exerting pressure against a solid object Produce a mild increase in heart rate and cardiac output No apparent increase in blood flow to other parts of the body

Isokinetic (Resistive) Exercise


Muscle contraction or tension against resistance Can either be isotonic or isometric Person moves (isotonic) or tenses (isometric) against resistance An increase in blood pressure and blood flow to muscles occurs

Aerobic Exercise
Amount of oxygen taken in the body is greater than that used to perform the activity Improve cardiovascular conditioning and physical fitness

Anaerobic
Muscles cannot draw enough oxygen from the bloodstream Anaerobic pathways are used to provide additional energy for a short time Used in endurance training for athletes

Effect on the Musculoskeletal System


Exercise

Maintain size, shape, tone, and strength of muscles (including the heart muscle) Nourish joints Increase joint flexibility, stability, and ROM Maintain bone density and strength
Immobility

Disuse osteoporosis Disuse atrophy Contractures Stiffness and pain in the joints

Effect on the Cardiovascular System


Exercise

Increases heart rate, strength of contraction, and blood supply to the heart and muscles Mediates the harmful effects of stress
Immobility

Diminished cardiac reserve Increased use of the Valsalva maneuver Orthostatic (postural) hypotension Venous vasodilation and stasis Dependent edema Thrombus formation

Effect on the Respiratory System


Exercise

Increase ventilation and oxygen intake improving gas exchange Prevents pooling of secretions in the bronchi and bronchioles
Immobility

Decreased respiratory movement Pooling of respiratory secretions Atelectasis Hypostatic pneumonia

Effect on the Metabolic/Endocrine System


Exercise

Elevates the metabolic rate, thus increasing the production of body heat and waste products and calorie use Decrease serum triglycerides and cholesterol Stabilize blood sugar and make cells more responsive to insulin
Immobility

Decreased metabolic rate Negative nitrogen balance Anorexia Negative calcium balance

Effect on the Gastrointestinal System


Exercise

Improves the appetite Increases gastrointestinal tract tone Facilitates peristalsis


Immobility

Constipation

Effect on the Urinary System


Exercise

Promotes blood flow to the kidneys causing body wastes to be excreted more effectively Prevents stasis (stagnation) of urine in the bladder
Immobility

Urinary stasis Renal calculi Urinary retention Urinary infection

Effect on the Immune System


Exercise

Pumps lymph fluid from tissues into lymph capillaries and vessels throughout the body Increases circulation through lymph nodes where destruction of pathogens and removal of foreign antigens can occur Strenuous exercise may reduce immune function, leaving a window of opportunity for infection during recovery phase

Effect on the Psychoneurologic System


Exercise

Elevates mood and relieving stress and anxiety across the lifespan Improves quality of sleep for most individuals
Immobility

Decline in mood elevating substances Perception of time intervals deteriorates Problem-solving and decision-making abilities may deteriorate Loss of control over events can cause anxiety

Effect on Cognitive Function


Exercise

Positive effects on decision-making and problem-solving processes, planning, and paying attention Induces cells in the brain to strengthen and build neuronal connections Other Effects of Exercise and Immobility
Evidence that certain types of exercise increase spiritual health Immobility causes reduced skin turgor and skin breakdown

Factors Affecting Body Alignment, Mobility, and Daily Activity Level


Growth and development Nutrition, personal values, and attitudes External factors (such as temperature, humidity, availability of recreational facilities and safety of the neighborhood) Prescribed limitations (such as casts, braces, traction, activity restrictions including bed rest)

Assessment of Activity and Exercise


Nursing history Physical examination of the following:

Body alignment Gait Appearance and movement of joints Capabilities and limitations for movement Muscle mass and strength Activity tolerance Problems related to immobility

A standing person with A, good trunk alignment; B, poor trunk alignment. The arrows indicate the direction in which the pelvis is tilted.

Nursing Diagnoses for Activity and Exercise Problems


Activity intolerance Risk for activity intolerance Impaired physical mobility Sedentary lifestyle Risk for disuse syndrome

Goals for Problems Related to Mobility or Activity


Increased tolerance for physical activity Restored or improved capability to ambulate and/or participate in ADLs Absence of injury from falling or improper use of body mechanics Enhanced physical fitness Absence of any complications associated with immobility Improved social, emotional, and intellectual well-being

Nursing Interventions
Safe Practice for Positioning, Moving, Lifting, Ambulating Clients
Correct body mechanics required for nurse to prevent injury Correct body alignment for the client also so that undue stress is not placed on the musculoskeletal system

General Guidelines for Moving and Lifting:


Before moving, assess If indicated, use pain relief modalities Prepare any needed assistive devices Plan around encumbrances Be alert to the effects of any medications Obtain required assistance Explain the procedure to the client

Skills
Moving a Client Up in Bed Turning a Client to the Lateral or Prone Position in Bed Logrolling a Client Assisting the Client to Sit on the Side of the Bed (Dangling)

General Guidelines for Transferring a Client


Plan what to do and how to do it Obtain essential equipment before starting Remove obstacles Explain the transfer to the client and nursing personnel who are assisting Support or hold the client rather than the equipment Explain step-by-step what the client should do Make a written plan including the clients tolerance Skill Transferring Between Bed and Chair Skill Transferring Between Bed and Stretcher

General Guidelines for Ambulating


Assess the amount of assistance the client will require Assess for signs and symptoms of postural (orthostatic) hypotension and take appropriate action Prepare the client for ambulation Appropriately assist the client to ambulate Apply a transfer or walking belt Physically support the client Obtain assistance of other nursing personnel to follow with a wheelchair or to assist with physical support Teach the client to correctly use mechanical aids for walking Skill Assisting the Client to Ambulate

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