Scribd
Upload
55 views

DNA Technology

DNA comparaisons

Uploaded by

Albert Tsou
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
55 views

DNA Technology

DNA comparaisons

Uploaded by

Albert Tsou
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

DNA Technology

DNA Extraction
Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture This is called spooling DNA
2

Spooled DNA

Cutting DNA
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

Electrophoresis
DNA can be separated based on size and charge The phosphate groups are negatively charged DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through
5

Electrophoresis
Negative DNA moves toward the positive end Smaller fragments move farther and faster

Electrophoresis

Steps in DNA Sequencing


Many copies of a single strand of DNA are placed in a test tube DNA polymerase is added A mixture of nucleotides is added some of which have dye molecules attached Each base (A,T,C,G) has a different color dye
8

Steps in DNA Sequencing


By chance, some dyed nucleotides & some regular ones are added Dye molecules are large and stop the chain from growing

DNA Sequencing
The result is DNA fragments of multiple sizes with colors that can be identified

10

DNA Sequencing
After the gel separates the resulting fragments by size, we 'read' the sequence from bottom to top.

11

Copying DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Also called PCR A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

12

Steps in Copying DNA


A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube DNA polymerase that can work at high temps is added

13

Steps in Copying DNA


The DNA is heated to separate the two strands Primers, short pieces of DNA complementary to the ends of the molecule to be copied, are added
14

Copying DNA
The tube is cooled, and DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands

15

PCR

Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample


16

Cloning
Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis)

17

Cloning organisms
A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

18

Cloning Dolly

19

Human Genome Project

20

Human Genome Project


Started in 1990 Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) Over 3.3 billion nucleotides Mapping every gene location (loci) Conducted by scientists around the world
21

HGP Insights
Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons) Other 98% (introns) are non-coding Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000) Proteome organisms complete set of proteins About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) places where humans differ by a single nucleotide About of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes)

22

Benefits of Human Genome Project


Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries. Improved bioinformatics using computers to help in DNA sequencing
23

Benefits of Genetic Engineering

24

Biotechnology The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

25

Biotechnology Provides:
Improved food products Medical advances An enhanced environment

26

Herbicide Resistant Crops


+ CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready

Soybeans: Corn: Cotton: Canola:

Roundup Ready Roundup Ready, Liberty Link BXN, Roundup Ready Liberty Link, Roundup Ready
27

Biotechnology Breakthroughs
Insulin (1982) First commercial biotech product Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin Rice Enriched with beta-carotene and iron Bananas Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

28

Biotechnology Breakthroughs
Potatoes with higher solid content Garlic that lowers cholesterol Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

29

Environmental Benefits
Reduced pesticide use
Lower energy requirements

Cleaner water
Less soil erosion

30

31

You might also like