Jaeger/Blalock

7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 10
Analog Systems
Microelectronic Circuit Design
Richard C. Jaeger
Travis N. Blalock
Chap10 - 1
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Chapter Goals
Develop understanding of linear amplification concepts such as:
Voltage gain, current gain, and power gain,
Gain conversion to decibel representation,
Input and output resistances,
Transfer functions and Bode plots,
Cutoff frequencies and bandwidth,
Low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-reject amplifiers,
Biasing for linear amplification,
Distortion in amplifiers,
Two-port representations of amplifiers,
g-, h-, y-, and z-parameters,
Use of transfer function analysis in SPICE.
Chap10 - 2
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Example of Analog Electronic System:
FM Stereo Receiver
Linear functions: Radio and audio frequency amplification, frequency
selection (tuning), impedance matching(75-W input, tailoring audio
frequency response, local oscillator
Nonlinear functions: DC power supply(rectification), frequency
conversion (mixing), detection/demodulation
Chap10 - 3
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Amplification: Introduction
A complex periodic signal can be represented as the sum of many
individual sine waves. We consider only one component with
amplitude V
S
=1 mV and frequency e
S
with 0 phase (signal is used
as reference):

Amplifier output is sinusoidal with same frequency but different
amplitude V
O
and phase :

t
s s
V
s
v e sin =
) (sin u e + = t
s o
V
o
v
Chap10 - 4
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Amplification: Introduction (contd.)
Amplifier output power is:

Here, P
O
= 100 W and R
L
=8 O
Output power also requires output current which is:



Input current is given by


phase is zero because circuit is purely resistive.
L
R
o
V
o
P
1
2
2
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
V 40 8 100 2 2 = = =
L
R
o
P
o
V
) (sin u e + = t
s o
I
o
i
A 5
8
V 40
=
O
= =
L
R
o
V
o
I
A
8
10 82 . 1
k 50 k 5
V
3 -
10

=
O + O
=
+
=
in
R
s
R
s
V
s
I
Chap10 - 5
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Amplification: Gain
Voltage Gain:
Magnitude and phase of voltage gain are given by
and
For our example,
Current Gain:
Magnitude of current gain is given by
u
u
Z =
Z
Z
= =
s
V
o
V
s
V
o
V
s
v
o
v
v
A
0
s
V
o
V
v
A = u = Z
v
A
4
10 4
V
3
10
V 40
=

= =
s
V
o
V
v
A
u
u
Z =
Z
Z
= =
s
I
o
I
s
I
o
I
s
i
o
i
i
A
0
8
10 75 . 2
A
8 -
10 1.82
5A
=

= =
s
I
o
I
i
A
Chap10 - 6
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Amplification: Gain (contd.)

Power Gain:

For our example,

On decibel scale, i.e. in dB

i
A
v
A
s
I
o
I
s
V
o
V
s
I
s
V
o
I
o
V
s
P
o
P
P
A = = = =
2 2
2 2
13
10 10 . 1
8
10 82 . 1
3
10
5 40
=

=
P
A
P
A
PdB
A log 10 =
v
A
vdB
A log 20 =
i
A
idB
A log 20 =
Chap10 - 7
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Amplifier Biasing for Linear Operation
i
v
I
V
I
v + =
V
I
= dc value of v
I
,
v
i
= time-varying component

For linear amplification- v
I
must be biased in desired region of output
characteristic by V
I
.
o
v
O
V
O
v + =
If slope of output characteristic is positive, input and output are in
phase (amplifier is non-inverting).
If slope of output characteristic is negative, input and output signals
are 180
0
out of phase (amplifier is inverting).
Chap10 - 8
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Amplifier Biasing for Linear Operation
(contd.)
I
V
I
v
I
v
o
v
v
A
=
c
c
=
Voltage gain depends on bias
point.
Eg: if amplifier is biased at V
I
=
0.5 V, voltage gain will be +40
for input signals satisfying
If input exceeds this
value, output is distorted due to
change in amplifier slope.
V 1 . 0 s
i
v
Chap10 - 9
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Amplifier Biasing for Linear Operation
(contd.)
Output signals for 1 kHZ sinusoidal
input signal of amplitude 50 mV
biased at V
I
= 0.3 V and 0.5V:
V ) 2000 sin 05 . 0 3 . 0 ( t
IA
v t + =
For V
I
=0.3V:
V ) 2000 sin 1 4 ( t
OA
v t + =
For V
I
=0.5V:
Gain is 20, output varies
about dc level of 4 V.
V ) 2000 sin 05 . 0 5 . 0 ( t
IB
v t + =
V ) 2000 sin 2 10 ( t
OB
v t + =
Gain is 40, output varies
about dc level of 10 V.
Chap10 - 10
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Distortion in Amplifiers
Different gains for positive and negative values of input cause
distortion in output.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is a measure of signal distortion
that compares undesired harmonic content of a signal to the desired
component.
Chap10 - 11
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Total Harmonic Distortion
... )
3
sin 3 (
3
)
2
sin 2 (
2
)
1
(sin
1
) ( + + + + + + + = | e | e | e t
o
V t
o
V t
o
V
o
V t v
dc desired
output
2nd harmonic
distortion
3rd harmonic
distortion
1
2
% 100
2
V
Vn
THD

=

Numerator= sum of rms amplitudes of distortion terms,

Denominator= desired component
Chap10 - 12
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Two-port Models for Amplifiers
Simplifies amplifier-behavior modeling in complex systems.
Two-port models are linear network models, valid only under
small-signal conditions.
Represented by g-, h-, y- and z-parameters.
(v
1
, i
1
) and (v
2
, i
2
) represent signal components of voltages and
currents at the network ports.
Chap10 - 13
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
g-parameters
Using open-circuit (i=0) and short-
circuit (v=0) termination
conditions,
2
i
22 1
v
21 2
v
2
i
12 1
v
11 1
i
g g
g g
+ =
+ =
0
1
v
2
i
2
v
22
0
2
i
1
v
2
v
21
0
1
v
2
i
1
i
12
0
2
i
1
v
1
i
11
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
g
g
g
g
Open-circuit input
conductance
Reverse short-circuit
current gain
Forward open-circuit
voltage gain
Short-circuit output
resistance
Chap10 - 14
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
g-parameters:Example
Problem:Find g-parameters.
Approach: Apply specified boundary
conditions for each g-parameter, use
circuit analysis.
For g
11
and g
21
: apply voltage v
1
to
input port and open circuit output port.
For g
12
and g
22
: apply current i
2
to
output port and short circuit input port.


998 . 0 ) k 200 )( 51 (
11
0
2
i
1
v
2
v
21
S
8
10 79 . 9
) k 200 ( 51
4
10 2
1
0
2
i
1
v
1
i
11
= O =
=
=

=
O + O
=
=
=
g g
g
0196 . 0
k 20
391
0
1
v
2
i
2
v
22
391
k 20
51
k 200
1
1
0
1
v
2
i
1
i
12
=
O
O
=
=
=
O =
O
+
O
=
=
=
g
g
2
i
2
10 91 . 3
1
v 998 . 0
2
v
2
i
2
10 96 . 1
1
v
8
10 79 . 9
1
i
+ =

=
Chap10 - 15
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Hybrid or h-parameters
Using open-circuit (i=0) and short-
circuit (v=0) termination
conditions,
2
v
22 1
i
21 2
i
2
v
12 1
i
11 1
v
h h
h h
+ =
+ =
0
1
i
2
v
2
i
22
0
2
v
1
i
2
i
21
0
1
i
2
v
1
v
12
0
2
v
1
i
1
v
11
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
h
h
h
h
Short-circuit input
resistance
Reverse open-circuit
voltage gain
Forward short-circuit
current gain
Open-circuit output
conductance
Chap10 - 16
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
h-parameters:Example
Problem:Find h-parameters for the
same network (used in g-parameters
example).
Approach: Apply specified boundary
conditions for each h-parameter, use
circuit analysis.
For h
11
and h
21
: apply current i
1
to input
port and short circuit output port.
For h
12
and h
22
: apply voltage v
2
to
output port and open circuit input port.


51
0
2
v
1
i
2
i
21
4
10 2
0
2
v
1
i
1
v
11
=
=
=
O =
=
=
h
h
S
6
10 5
k 200
1
0
1
i
2
v
2
i
22
1
0
1
i
2
v
1
v
12

=
O
=
=
=
=
=
=
h
h
2
v
6
10 5
1
i 51
2
i
2
v
1
i
4
10 2
1
v

+ =
+ =
Chap10 - 17
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Admittance or y-parameters
Using open-circuit (i=0) and short-
circuit (v=0) termination
conditions,
2
v
22 1
v
21 2
i
2
v
12 1
v
11 1
i
y y
y y
+ =
+ =
0
1
v
2
v
2
i
22
0
2
v
1
v
2
i
21
0
1
v
2
v
1
i
12
0
2
v
1
v
1
i
11
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
y
y
y
y
Short-circuit input
conductance
Reverse short-circuit
transconductance
Forward short-circuit
transconductance
Short-circuit output
conductance
Chap10 - 18
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
y-parameters:Example
Problem:Find y-parameters for the
same network (used in g-parameters
example).
Approach: Apply specified boundary
conditions for each y-parameter, use
circuit analysis.
For y
11
and y
21
: apply voltage v
1
to input
port and short circuit output port.
For y
12
and y
22
: apply voltage v
2
to
output port and short circuit input port.


S
3
10 55 . 2
k 20
51
0
2
v
1
v
2
i
21
S
5
10 5
k 20
1
0
2
v
1
v
1
i
11

=
O
=
=
=

=
O
=
=
=
y
y
S
3
10 56 . 2
391
1
0
1
i
2
v
1
i
22
S
5
10 5
k 20
1
0
1
v
2
v
1
i
12

=
O
=
=
=

=
O
=
=
=
y
y
2
v
3
10 56 . 2
1
v
3
10 55 . 2
2
i
2
v
5
10 5
1
v
5
10 5
1
i

=
Chap10 - 19
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Impedance or z-parameters
Using open-circuit (i=0) and short-
circuit (v=0) termination
conditions,
2
i
22 1
i
21 2
v
2
i
12 1
i
11 1
v
z z
z z
+ =
+ =
0
1
i
2
i
2
v
22
0
2
i
1
i
2
v
21
0
1
i
2
i
1
v
12
0
2
i
1
i
1
v
11
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
z
z
z
z
Open-circuit input
resistance
Reverse open-circuit
transresistance
Forward open-circuit
transresistance
Open-circuit output
resistance
Chap10 - 20
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
z-parameters:Example
Problem:Find z-parameters for the
same network (used in g-parameters
example).
Approach: Apply specified
boundary conditions for each z-
parameter, use circuit analysis.
For z
11
and z
21
: apply current i
1
to
input port and open circuit output
port. For z
12
and z
22
: apply current i
2
to output port and open circuit input
port.


O =
=
=
O = O + O =
=
=
M 2 . 10
0
2
i
1
i
2
v
21
M 2 . 10 ) k 200 ( 51 k 20
0
2
i
1
i
1
v
11
z
z
O =
=
=
O =
=
=
k 200
0
1
i
2
i
2
v
22
k 200
0
1
i
2
i
1
v
12
z
z
2
i
5
10 00 . 2
1
i
7
10 02 . 1
2
v
2
i
5
10 00 . 2
1
i
7
10 02 . 1
1
v
+ =
+ =
Chap10 - 21
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Mismatched Source and Load
Resistances: Voltage Amplifier
L
R
out
R
L
R
in
R
s
R
in
R
A
s
V
o
V
v
A
in
R
s
R
in
R
L
R
out
R
L
R
A
+ +
= =
+
=
+
=
s
v
1
v
1
v
o
v
If R
in
>> R
s
and R
out
<< R
L
,
A
v
A =
In an ideal voltage amplifier,
and R
out
=0
=
in
R
L
R
in
R
s
R
s
V
o
V
in
R
s
R
s
V
L
R
o
V
I
o
I
i
A
+
=
+
= =
1
L
R
in
R
s
R
v
A
i
A
+
=
g-parameter representation (g
12
=0) with Thevenin equivalent of input source:
Chap10 - 22
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Mismatched Source and Load
Resistances: Current Amplifier
h-parameter representation (h
12
=0) with Norton equivalent of input source:
L
R
out
R
out
R
in
R
s
R
s
R
s
I
o
I
i
A
in
R
s
R
s
R
L
R
out
R
out
R
+ +
= =
+
=
+
=
|
|
s
i
1
i
1
i
o
i
If R
s
>> R
in
and R
out
>> R
L
,
| =
i
A
In an ideal current amplifier,
and R
in
=0
=
out
R
Chap10 - 23
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Amplifier Transfer Functions
( )
( )
( )
s
s
V
s
o
V
s
v
A =
A
v
(s)=Frequency-dependent voltage gain
V
o
(s) and V
s
(s) = Laplace Transforms of input and output voltages of
amplifier,

e o j s + =
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
3
...
2 1
...
2 1
p s p s p s
m
z s z s z s
K s
v
A
+ + +
+ + +
=
(-z
1
, -z
2
,-z
m
)=zeros (frequencies for which transfer function is zero)
(-p
1
, -p
2
,-p
m
)=poles (frequencies for which transfer function is infinite)

( )
( )
( ) e e e j
v
A j
v
A j
v
A Z =
Bode plots display magnitude of the transfer function in dB and the
phase in degrees (or radians) on a logarithmic frequency scale..
(In factorized form)
(In polar form)
Chap10 - 24
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Low-pass Amplifier: Description
Amplifies signals over a range of frequencies including dc.
Most operational amplifiers are designed as low pass amplifiers.
Simplest (single-pole) low-pass amplifier is described by



A
o
= low-frequency gain or mid-band gain
e
H
= upper cutoff frequency or upper half-power point of
amplifier.
( )
H
s
o
A
H
s
H
o
A
s
v
A
e
e
e
+
=
+
=
1
Chap10 - 25
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Low-pass Amplifier: Magnitude Response



For e<<e
H
:

For e>>e
H
:


For e=e
H
:

Gain is unity (0 dB) at e=A
o
e
H ,
called gain-bandwidth product
Bandwidth (frequency range with constant amplification )= e
H
(rad/s)
( )
( )
2 2
log 20 log 20
dB
2
2
H H
o
A j
v
A
H
H
o
A
H
j
H
o
A
j
v
A
e e e e
e e
e
e e
e
e
+ =
+
=
+
=
( )
dB ) log 20 (
o
A
o
A j
v
A = = e
( )
dB log 20 log 20
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
H
o
A
H
o
A
j
v
A
e
e
e
e
e
( )
dB 3 ) log 20 (
2
|
.
|

\
|
= =
o
A
o
A
j
v
A e
Chap10 - 26
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Low-pass Amplifier: Phase Response


If A
o
positive: phase angle = 0
0

If A
o
negative: phase angle = 180
0

At w
C
: phase =45
0

One decade below w
C
: phase =5.7
0
One decade above w
C
: phase =84.3
0

Two decades below w
C
: phase =0
0

Two decades above w
C
: phase =90
0
( )
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

Z =
+
Z = Z
H
o
A
H
j
o
A
j
v
A
e
e
e
e
e
1
tan
1
Chap10 - 27
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
RC Low-pass Filter









Problem: Find voltage transfer
function

Approach: Impedance of the where
capacitor is 1/sC, use voltage
division
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
+
+
+
=
H
s
R R
R
s
V
o
V
sC R
sC R
R
sC R
sC R
s
V
o
V
e
1
1
2 1
2
/ 1
2
/
2
1
/ 1
2
/
2
C R R
H
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 1
1
e
Chap10 - 28
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
High-pass Amplifier: Description
True high-pass characteristic impossible to obtain as it requires
infinite bandwidth.
Combines a single pole with a zero at origin.
Simplest high-pass amplifier is described by



e
H
= lower cutoff frequency or lower half-power point of amplifier.
( )
L
s
s
o
A
s
v
A
e +
=
Chap10 - 29
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
High-pass Amplifier: Magnitude and
Phase Response


For e>>e
L
:

For e<<e
L
:

For e=e
L
:


Bandwidth (frequency range with constant amplification ) is infinite
Phase response is given by
( )
2
2
L
o
A
L
j
j
o
A
j
v
A
e e
e
e e
e
e
+
=
+
=
( )
dB ) log 20 (
o
A
o
A j
v
A = = e
( )
dB log 20 log 20
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
L
o
A
L
o
A
j
v
A
e
e
e
e
e
( )
dB 3 ) log 20 (
2
|
.
|

\
|
= =
o
A
o
A
j
v
A e
( )
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ Z =
+
Z = Z
L
o
A
L
j j
j
o
A
j
v
A
e
e
e e
e
e
1
tan
0
90
Chap10 - 30
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
RC High-pass Filter











Problem: Find voltage transfer
function

Approach: Impedance of the where
capacitor is 1/sC, use voltage
division
|
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|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
+ +
=
L
s
s
R R
R
s
V
o
V
R
sC
R
R
s
V
o
V
e
2 1
2
2
1
1
2
C R R
L
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2 1
1
e
Chap10 - 31
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Band-pass Amplifier: Description
Band-pass characteristic obtained by combining highpass and
low-pass characteristics.
Transfer function of a band-pass amplifier is given by



Ac-coupled amplifier has a band-pass characteristic:
Capacitors added to circuit cause low frequency roll-off
Inherent frequency limitations of solid-state devices cause
high-frequency roll-off.



( )
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
+ +
=
1
1
) (
) )( (
H
s
L
s
s
o
A
H
s
L
s
H
s
o
A
s
v
A
e
e
e e
e
Chap10 - 32
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Band-pass Amplifier: Magnitude and
Phase Response




The frequency response shows a wide band of operation.
Mid-band range of frequencies given by , where
H L
e e e s s
o
A j
v
A ~ ) ( e
( )
)
2
2
)(
2
2
(
) )( (
H L
H
o
A
H
j
L
j
H
j
o
A
j
v
A
e e e e
ee
e e e e
ee
e
+ +
=
+ +
=
Chap10 - 33
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Band-pass Amplifier: Magnitude and
Phase Response (contd.)
At both e
H
and e
L
, assuming e
L
<<e
H
,



Bandwidth = e
H
- e
L
.

The phase response is given by
( ) ( )
dB 3 ) log 20 (
2
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
o
A
o
A
H
j
v
A
L
j
v
A e e
( )
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ Z =
+
Z = Z
H L
o
A
L
j j
j
o
A
j
v
A
e
e
e
e
e e
e
e
1
tan
1
tan
0
90
Chap10 - 34
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Narrow-band or High-Q Band-pass
Amplifiers
Gain maximum at center frequency e
o
and
decreases rapidly by 3 dB at e
H
and e
L
.
Bandwidth defined as e
H
- e
L
, is a small
fraction of e
o
with width determined by:


For high Q, poles will be complex and



Phase response is given by:
BW
o
f
L
f
H
f
o
f
L H
o
Q =

=
e e
e
( )
2
2
o
Q
o
s s
Q
o
s
o
A s
v
A
e
e
e
+ +
=
( )
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ Z = Z
2
2
1
1
tan
0
90
e e
ee
e
o
o
Q
o
A j
v
A
Chap10 - 35
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Band-Rejection Amplifier or Notch
Filter
Gain maximum at frequencies far from e
o

and exhibits a sharp null at e
o
.
To achieve sharp null, transfer function has
a pair of zeros on je axis at notch frequency
e
o
, and poles are complex.



Phase response is given by:
( )
2
2
2
2
o
Q
o
s s
o
s
o
A s
v
A
e
e
e
+ +
+
=
( )
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

Z + Z = Z
2
2
1
1
tan
2
2
e e
ee
e e e
o
o
Q
o
o
A j
v
A
Chap10 - 36
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
All-pass Function
Uniform magnitude response at all frequencies.
Can be used to tailor phase characteristics of a signal
Transfer function is given by:


For positive A
o
,
( )
o
s
o
s
o
A s
v
A
e
e
+

=
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

= Z
o
j
v
A
o
A j
v
A
e
e
e
e
1
tan 2
Chap10 - 37
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Complex Transfer Functions
( )
|
|
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.
|

\
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.
|

\
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|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
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|
.
|

\
|
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|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
+
=
+ + + +
+
=
1
5
1
4
3 1
2 mid
5 4 3 1
2
e e
e e
e
e e e e
e
s s
s s
s s A
s s s s
s Ks
s
v
A
Amplifier has 2 frequency ranges with
constant gain. Midband region is
always defined as region of highest
gain and cutoff frequencies are
defined in terms of midband gain.
( ) ( )
2
mid
A
H
j
v
A
L
j
v
A = = e e
t
e e
2
3 4
3 4
BW

= = f f
Since e
H
= e
4
and e
L
= e
3
,
Chap10 - 38
Jaeger/Blalock
7/1/03
Microelectronic Circuit Design
McGraw-Hill
Bandwidth Shrinkage
If critical frequencies arent widely spaced, the poles and zeros
interact and cutoff frequency determination becomes
complicated.
Example : for which , A
v
(0) = A
o


Upper cutoff frequency is defined by or



( )
2
)
1
(
2
1
e
e
+
=
s
o
A
s
v
A
( )
2
o
A
H
j
v
A = e
2
2
2
1
1
Ao
H
Ao
=
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e
Solving for e
H
yields e
H
=0.644e
1
.The cutoff frequency of
two-pole function is only 64% that of a single-pole function.
This is known as bandwidth shrinkage.

Chap10 - 39