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CSE 142, Spring 2013: Lecture 2-2: The For Loop

04-ch02-2-forloops

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Shubham Jain
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48 views

CSE 142, Spring 2013: Lecture 2-2: The For Loop

04-ch02-2-forloops

Uploaded by

Shubham Jain
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

CSE 142, Spring 2013

Chapter 2 Lecture 2-2: The for Loop reading: 2.3

Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education

Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education

Repetition with for loops


So far, repeating an action results in redundant code:
makeBatter(); bakeCookies(); bakeCookies(); bakeCookies(); bakeCookies(); bakeCookies(); frostCookies();

Java's for loop statement performs a task many times.


mixBatter(); for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { bakeCookies(); } frostCookies();
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// repeat 5 times

for loop syntax


for (initialization; test; update) { statement; statement; ... statement; } header body

Perform initialization once. Repeat the following:


Check if the test is true. If not, stop. Execute the statements. Perform the update.

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Control structures
Control structure: a programming construct that affects

the flow of a program's execution

Controlled code may include one or more statements The for loop is an example of a looping control structure

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Initialization
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) { System.out.println("I am so smart"); }

Tells Java what variable to use in the loop


The variable is called a loop counter

can use any name, not just i can start at any value, not just 1 only valid in the loop

Performed once as the loop begins


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Test
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) { System.out.println("I am so smart"); }

Tests the loop counter variable against a limit


Uses comparison operators:

< <= > >=

less than less than or equal to greater than greater than or equal to

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Increment and decrement


shortcuts to increase or decrease a variable's value by 1
Shorthand variable++; variable--; int x = 2; x++; double gpa = 2.5; gpa--; Equivalent longer version variable = variable + 1; variable = variable - 1;

// x = x + 1; // x now stores 3 // gpa = gpa - 1; // gpa now stores 1.5

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Modify-and-assign operators
shortcuts to modify a variable's value
Shorthand variable += variable -= variable *= variable /= variable %= x += 3; gpa -= 0.5; number *= 2; value; value; value; value; value; Equivalent longer version variable = variable + value; variable = variable - value; variable = variable * value; variable = variable / value; variable = variable % value; // x = x + 3; // gpa = gpa - 0.5; // number = number * 2;
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Repetition over a range


System.out.println("1 System.out.println("2 System.out.println("3 System.out.println("4 System.out.println("5 System.out.println("6 squared squared squared squared squared squared = = = = = = " " " " " " + + + + + + 1 2 3 4 5 6 * * * * * * 1); 2); 3); 4); 5); 6);

Intuition: "I want to print a line for each number from 1 to 6"

The for loop does exactly that!


for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) { System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i)); }
"For each integer i from 1 through 6, print ..."

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1 2 3 for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) { 4 System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i)); } 5 System.out.println("Whoo!"); 1 Output: 1 squared 2 squared 3 squared 4 squared Whoo! = = = = 1 4 9 16 2 4 3 5

Loop walkthrough

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System.out.print
Prints without moving to a new line allows you to print partial messages on the same line
int highestTemp = 5; for (int i = -3; i <= highestTemp / 2; i++) { System.out.print((i * 1.8 + 32) + " "); }
Output:

26.6

28.4

30.2

32.0

33.8

35.6

Concatenate "

" to separate the numbers

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Rocket Exercise
Write a method that produces the following output:
T-minus 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, blastoff! The end.

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Counting down
The update can use -- to make the loop count down. The test must say > instead of <
System.out.print("T-minus "); for (int i = 10; i >= 1; i--) { System.out.print(i + ", "); } System.out.println("blastoff!"); System.out.println("The end.");
Output:

T-minus 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, blastoff! The end.

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Nested loops
reading: 2.3

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Nested loops
nested loop: A loop placed inside another loop.
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); // to end the line }

Output:
********** ********** ********** ********** **********

The outer loop repeats 5 times; the inner one 10 times.


"sets and reps" exercise analogy
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Nested for loop exercise


What is the output of the following nested for loops?
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); }

Output:
* ** *** **** *****

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Nested for loop exercise


What is the output of the following nested for loops?
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) { System.out.print(i); } System.out.println(); }

Output:
1 22 333 4444 55555

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Common errors
Both of the following sets of code produce infinite loops:
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (int j = 1; i <= 10; j++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); } for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= 10; i++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); }

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Complex lines
What nested for loops produce the following output?
inner loop (repeated characters on each line)

....1 ...2 ..3 .4 oop (loops 5 times because there are 5 lines) 5

We must build multiple complex lines of output using: an outer "vertical" loop for each of the lines inner "horizontal" loop(s) for the patterns within each line

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Loop tables
for (int count = 1; count < 5; count++) { System.out.print(); }

What statement in the body would cause the loop to print: 2 7 12 17 22 To see patterns, make a table of count and the numbers.
Each time count goes up by 1, the number should go up by 5. But count * 5 is too great by 3, so we subtract 3.

count number to print 5 * count 1 2 3 4 5 2 7 12 17 22 5 10 15 20 25

5 * count - 3 2 7 12 17 22
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Loop tables question


What statement in the body would cause the loop to print: 17 13 9 5 1 Let's create the loop table together. Each time count goes up 1, the number printed should ... But this multiple is off by a margin of ...
count number to print 1 2 3 4 5 17 13 9 5 1 -4 * count -4 -8 -12 -16 -20 -4 * count + 21 17 13 9 5 1
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Another view: Slope-intercept


The next three slides present the mathematical basis for

the loop tables. Feel free to skip it.

25 20 15 10 5 0 -2 -5 -10 0 2 4 6

count (x) 1 2 3 4 5

number to print (y) 2 7 12 17 22

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Another view: Slope-intercept


Caution: This is algebra, not assignment! Recall: slope-intercept form (y = mx + b) Slope is defined as rise over run (i.e. rise / run). Since the run is

always 1 (we increment along x by 1), we just need to look at the rise. The rise is the difference between the y values. Thus, the slope (m) is the difference between y values; in this case, it is +5. solve for b. In this case, y = 2.
y = m * x + b 2 = 5 * 1 + b Then b = -3

To compute the y-intercept (b), plug in the value of y at x = 1 and


count (x) 1 2 3 4 5 number to print (y) 2 7 12 17 22
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So the equation is
y = m * x + b y = 5 * x 3 y = 5 * count - 3
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Another view: Slope-intercept


Algebraically, if we always take the value of y at

x = 1, then we can solve for b as follows:


y = m * x + b y1 = m * 1 + b y1 = m + b b = y1 m

In other words, to get the y-intercept, just subtract

the slope from the first y value (b = 2 5 = -3)


This gets us the equation

y = m * x + b y = 5 * x 3 y = 5 * count 3 (which is exactly the equation from the previous slides)


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Nested for loop exercise


Make a table to represent any patterns on each line.
....1 ...2 ..3 .4 5
line # of dots 1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 * line -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 * line + 5 4 3 2 1 0

To print a character multiple times, use a for loop.


for (int j = 1; j <= 4; j++) { System.out.print("."); } // 4 dots

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Nested for loop solution


Answer: for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) { for (int j = 1; j <= (-1 * line + 5); j++) { System.out.print("."); } System.out.println(line); } Output: ....1 ...2 ..3 .4 5
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Nested for loop exercise


What is the output of the following nested for loops? for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) { for (int j = 1; j <= (-1 * line + 5); j++) { System.out.print("."); } for (int k = 1; k <= line; k++) { System.out.print(line); } System.out.println(); } Answer: ....1 ...22 ..333 .4444 55555
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Nested for loop exercise


Modify the previous code to produce this output: ....1 ...2. ..3.. .4... 5.... Answer:
for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) { for (int j = 1; j <= (-1 * line + 5); j++) { System.out.print("."); } System.out.print(line); for (int j = 1; j <= (line - 1); j++) { System.out.print("."); } System.out.println(); }
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