Wireless Local Loop (WLL)

By: Panos Tzanos Vladimeros Vladimerou Derek Starr

Presentation Outline
What is WLL? Differences with mobile cellular systems

Why WLL?

System Analysis
examples

The future of WLL

Definition

What is WLL? - WLL is a system that connects subscribers to the local telephone station wirelessly. Systems WLL is based on:
Cellular Satellite (specific and adjunct) Microcellular

Other names
Radio In The Loop (RITL) Fixed-Radio Access (FRA).

A general WLL setup

WLL services

Desirable:
Wireless feature should be transparent Wireline Custom features

Other:
Business related
Hunt groups, Call transfers Conference calling

Calling cards, coin phones V.29 (9600bps) ISDN (64kbps)

WLL should provide

Toll-quality service Expand from a central office to about 5 miles Low license cost Subscriber costs equivalent or better than copper

Ideas for U.S. market

Supplement Copper Lines

Easier third telephone line Data service

Fixed Mobile Users

Take phone wherever you want / charged on 2 levels home could mean neighborhood Charged regular mobile rate if youre on the road

Cost Considerations

Wireless cost is constant over distance for WLL Wireline depends on distance AND terrain

Situations made for WLL

Environments where 3rd line is degraded might be cheaper to go wireless Where its impossible to lay copper (3rd world, small islands) Business parks, industrial areas Speedy deployment, stop gap application till wireline is in

90-120 days for activation

Developed vs. Developing

Developed: Wireline service

Firmly established, cellular penetration is relatively high Incumbent operator would use it to install 2nd, 3rd lines, coverage to rural areas 2nd or 3rd competitive operator deploy it for fast & cost effective deployment Quick way to establish market presence cellular complement to their offerings

Developed vs. Developing

Developing
Quick & easy to deploy in countries with little copper line service, so as to accommodate people on enormous waiting lists for basic service Low maintenance costs Allows more competition in provider market

Examples

UK
150 PTOs have licenses for wireless Focus on regional networks WLL Commercial services
Ionica, Atlantic Telecom, Scottish Telecom

Poland
Most exciting market in eastern Europe Local loop is the bottleneck 150,000 WLL lines since 1996 (15% of new) Ericsson, Motorola contracts

Connection Setup
UWLL WANU PSTN
Trunk Switch function

Transceiver
WLL Controller

WASU

AM HLR

Air Interface

TWLL

Wireless Access Network Unit(WANU) Interface between underlying telephone network and wireless link consists of Base Station Transceivers (BTS) Radio Controller(RPCU) Access Manager(AM) Home Location Register(HLR)

Wireless Access Subscriber Unit(WASU) located at the subscriber translates wireless link into a traditional telephone connection

Important Results of Fixed to Fixed Propagation in WLLs

Signal channel is not a Rayleigh fading channel:

Power control algorithms are simpler and can be utilized more effectively

Channel Randomness is lost:

Makes analysis difficult

Pathloss exponent is considerably smaller (Why?):

20dB/dec compared to 40dB/dec Decreases cell capacity Allows for larger coverage area

Fixed to Fixed Propagation(contd)

No handoffs necessary: Decreases hardware costs and system complexity Increases quality of service through accurate traffic predictions Allows usage of directional antennas: Can greatly reduce interference and increase cell capacity

30dB

10dB

-30dB 0o 60o

-40dB 0o 120o 180o

BS antenna

Subscriber antenna

In-Cell Interference (CDMA)

I = (Nh 1)aS NhaS

a = voice activity factor Nh = total # of houses S = power received at cell site from every house

Out-of-Cell Interference
Pathloss: 20dB/dec as opposed to 40dB/dec need to take in account more tiers Only from houses whose antennas are directed at the center cell base station

Interference from Another Cell

Blue area is region of interferers

for C It is Not a perfect pie shape If w = (1/2)*(antenna width) (in radians) W = w+2sin-1((R/D)sin(w/2)) If w<<1 and R<<D: W = w (1+(R/D)) is the pie arc length

Per-Tier Interference

Integration over W and all the cells at tier n yields: In = [aNhSw/(3sqrt(3))][1/n] for n>4 Interference is proportional to antenna width w and inversely proportional to the tier number. Decreasing the antenna width can greatly reduce interference. As the number of tiers approaches infinity, so does the total interference. Therefore, system capacity is a function of the total number of tiers in the system.

Capacity comparison
for 5 MHz spectrum allocation
Detail Chan. BW (kHz) # channels Eb/N0 Freq. Reuse Effective Chan. Per sect. IS-95 CDMA Mobile 1250 4 7 dB 1 4 WLL 1250 4 6dB 1 4 IS-136 TDMA Mobile 30 167 18dB 7 7.95 WLL 30 167 14dB 4 13.92 ETSI (GSM) Mobile 200 25 12dB 3 2.78 WLL 200 25 12dB 3 2.78

Erlangs per cell Per MHz

38.3

48.7

9.84

19.6

9.12

9.12

Comparison
WLL
Good LOS component Rician fading

Mobile Wireless
Mainly diffuse components Rayleigh fading

Wireline
No diffuse components No fading

Narrowbeam directed antennas

Omnidirectional antennas

Expensive wires
Reuse Limited by wiring Expensive to build and maintain Low in-premises mobility, wiring of distant areas cumbersome Very reliable

High Channel reuse Less Channel reuse Simple design, constant channel Low in-premises mobility only, easy access Weather conditions effects Expensive DSPs, power control High mobility allowed, easy access Not very reliable

Examples of services provided

Marconi WipLL (wireless IP local loop)

Based on Frequency hopping CDMA Internet Protocol 64kbps to 2.4Mbps rates Committed Information Rate or best effort service

Lucent WSS (wireless subscriber system)

800 to 5000 subscribers per switch Uses FDMA/FDD 12 Km to 40Km coverage

GoodWin WLL
DECT standards 9.6 kbps rate Specified conditions -5...+55, 20...75% humidity

Future of WLL / Overview

Depends on
economic development existing infrastructure of a region

Offers
market competition quick deployment relatively reliable service at low costs

Forecasts

800M projected new lines by 2002 685M in developing countries

Questions?

Basie station

References

http://www.tenet.res.in/Papers/wll/iete1.html http://bicsi.org/Wireless2/index.htm http://sss-mag.com/wlltutor.html http://www.cdg.org/ http://www.voicendata.com/may98/will.html http://www.cdg.org/tech/wll.asp http://www.motorola.com/NSS/Press/press_archive_1997/19970826a.html http://www.mobilemark.com/WLL_antennas.html http://www.atdi.co.uk/t_wll.htm http://www.lucent.com/wireless/ http://www.art-telecom.fr/communiques/pressrelease/98-13a.htm http://www.fcr.fr/en/savoirfaire/blr.htm http://www.citi.columbia.edu/wireless/col_1096.htm http://www.telecomresearch.com/tutorials.html http://www.kyocera.co.jp/frame/product/telecom/english/wll/index.htm http://www.americasnetwork.com/issues/96issues/961101/110196_wll.html http://208.220.133.42/issues/199803/tci/bout.html

References http://www.smartrunk.com/WLL/SSIWLL.html http://www.amd.pl/products/cpd/prodover/wllsol.html http://www.biz.uiowa.edu/class/6K251_park/Student-Reports/ymao/index.html http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/5002/13722/00632520.pdf http://www.ece.queensu.ca/dept/vpoor.pdf http://www.mprg.ee.vt.edu/tech_xfer/ppt/EmergingTechnology.pdf http://www.carlsontech.com/manual15.html http://www.corporateinformation.com/data/statusa/china/chinavsat.html http://www.hindubusinessline.com/2001/01/09/stories/14096802.htm http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/brazil/mrr/mark0115.html http://www.atdi.com/99/p_wll.htm http://www.marconi.com/html/news/libertywlltrials.htm http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/359563.html http://www.corporateinformation.com http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee359/ http://www.alcatel.com/telecom/asd/products/groups/access/wireless/wllacc1.htm http://www.goodwin.ru:8086/products/wll/ http://www.goodwin.ru:8086/dect.html (DECT standard)

References Wideband CDMA personal communications system featuring IDSN compatibility Reed Fisher, Henri Suyderhoud, Toshiro Kato, Atushi Fukasawa and Takuro Sato 1997 IEEE Performance Analysis of WCDMA WLL Protocol Seong Won Shum, Sang Hwan Lee, Minsoo Suk, Hang Gu Bahk Hyundai Electronics ICCT98 Beijing, China Capacity of a Wireless Local Loop Network based on GSM Thomas Klingenbrunn, Preben Mogensen Center for Person Kommukation, Aalborg University 1998 IEEE Network Management Applications for wireless local loop Jelena Vucetic Paul Kline Dynamic Telecomminications, Inc. 1998

References Implementation of code acquisition and code tracking loop for CDMA wireless local loop system Jae-Wook Chung, Jin-Su Kim, Young-Gyun Jeong, Jeong-Suk Ha Electronics and Telecommincations Research Institute, Yusong, Taejon, Korea 1998 IEEE Implementation of Base Station Receiver for CDMA Wireless Local Loop System Jae W. Chung, Jin S. Kim, Y. G. Jeong, J. S. Ha Electronics and Telecommincations Research Institute, Yusong, Taejon, Korea 1997 IEEE Wireless Local Loop Propagation Environment Measurements and analysis Levin M., Katz E., Gil A., Freedman A., Matityahu I., Dilmon D. Wireless Systems Tadiran Telecommunications, Israel 1996 IEEE Issues and challenges of implementing a wireless local loop based telephone access network T.Minero, T. Babji NEC cororation, JAPAN 1997 IEEE

References
Wireless local loop: why the slow take up? Andrian May, Electronics Communication Engineering Journal 1998 A Wideband CDMA based Wireless Local Loop Protocol Mehmet Ulema and Young Ki Yoon Daewoo Telecom R&D Center 1999 IEEE An Implementation of Wireless Local Loop fixed Station Sang Sik Lim, Mobile Telecommunication Division Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Taejon, Korea 1998 IEEE A comparison of wireless local loop with competing access technologies W. Webb, Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal 1998 Estimate of Uplink in Overlaid Macrocell/Multi-Microcell CDMA WLL Systems J. S. Roh, S. Y. Kim, S. J. Cho, S. C. Son, S. E. Cho H. J. Kang

References
Wireless Local Loop Made For the USA? David Kopf, Peter Meade, Americas Network November 1996

The Performance of DS-CDMA For Wireless Local Loop Q. Bi, D.R. Pulley 1996 IEEE
Wireless Local Loop: Architecture, Technologies and Services Anthony R. Noeprel, Hughes Network Systems, Yi-Bing Lin CSIE/NCTU 1998 IEEE