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CP302 MassTransfer 04 OK

The document discusses mass transfer principles for separation processes. It covers diffusion theory, mass transfer coefficients, and applications to absorption, extraction, and adsorption. Equations for the film theory and two-film theory of mass transfer are presented. Film theory models mass transfer as occurring across stagnant films on both sides of the interface. Two-film theory introduces overall mass transfer coefficients and equilibrium concentrations and pressures at the interface. Sample problems demonstrate calculating mass transfer rates using these theories.

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Waheed Miran
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290 views

CP302 MassTransfer 04 OK

The document discusses mass transfer principles for separation processes. It covers diffusion theory, mass transfer coefficients, and applications to absorption, extraction, and adsorption. Equations for the film theory and two-film theory of mass transfer are presented. Film theory models mass transfer as occurring across stagnant films on both sides of the interface. Two-film theory introduces overall mass transfer coefficients and equilibrium concentrations and pressures at the interface. Sample problems demonstrate calculating mass transfer rates using these theories.

Uploaded by

Waheed Miran
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

CP302 Separation Process Principles

Mass Transfer - Set 4


Course content of Mass transfer section Diffusion Theory of interface mass transfer Mass transfer coefficients, overall coefficients and transfer units Application of absorption, extraction and adsorption Concept of continuous contacting equipment Simultaneous heat and mass transfer in gasliquid contacting, and solids drying
Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

L 04

T 01

A 03

04

01

04

04

01

03

CP302 Separation Process Principles


Reference books used for ppts
1. C.J. Geankoplis Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles 4th edition, Prentice-Hall India 2. J.D. Seader and E.J. Henley Separation Process Principles 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3. J.M. Coulson and J.F. Richardson Chemical Engineering, Volume 1 5th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann
Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011 2

Microscopic (or Ficks Law) approach:

JA = - DAB

dCA dz

(1)

good for diffusion dominated problems

Macroscopic (or mass transfer coefficient) approach:

NA = - k CA

(50)

where k is known as the mass transfer coefficient


good for convection dominated problems

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

Mass Transfer Coefficient Approach


NA = kc CA = kc (CA1 CA2 ) (51)

kc is the liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficient based on a concentration driving force.

CA1
What is the unit of kc?

A&B

NA
Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

CA2
4

Mass Transfer Coefficient Approach


NA = kc CA = kc (CA1 CA2 ) (51)

Using the following relationships between concentrations and partial pressures: CA1 = pA1 / RT; CA2 = pA2 / RT

Equation (51) can be written as NA = kc (pA1 pA2) / RT where kp = kc / RT = kp (pA1 pA2) (53) (52)

kp is a gas-phase mass-transfer coefficient based on a partial-pressure driving force.


Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

What is the unit of kp?

Models for mass transfer between phases


Mass transfer between phases across the following interfaces are of great interest in separation processes: - gas/liquid interface

- liquid/liquid interface
Such interfaces are found in the following separation processes: - absorption - distillation - extraction - stripping

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

Models for mass transfer at a fluid-fluid interface


Theoretical models used to describe mass transfer between a fluid and such an interface: - Film Theory

- Penetration Theory - Surface-Renewal Theory - Film Penetration Theory

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

Film Theory
Entire resistance to mass transfer in a given turbulent phase is in a thin, stagnant region of that phase at the interface, called a film. For the system shown, gas is taken as pure component A, which diffuses into nonvolatile liquid B. In reality, there may be mass transfer resistances in both liquid and gas phases. So we need to add a gas film in which gas is stagnant.
Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

Liquid film pA CAi Gas CAb Bulk liquid

z=0

z=L
8

Mass transport

Two Film Theory


There are two stagnant films (on either side of the fluid-fluid interface). Each film presents a resistance to mass transfer.

Concentrations in the two fluid at the interface are assumed to be in phase equilibrium.
Gas film
Gas phase pAb pAi CAi CAb

Liquid film
Liquid phase

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

Mass transport

Two Film Theory


Gas film Interface Liquid film Interface

Gas phase pAb


pAi

Liquid phase

Gas phase pAb


pAi

Liquid phase

CAi
CAb

CAi
CAb

Mass transport Concentration gradients for the film theory


Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

Mass transport More realistic concentration gradients


10

Two Film Theory applied at steady-state


Mass transfer in the gas phase: NA = kp (pAb pAi) (52)

Mass transfer in the liquid phase: NA = kc (CAi CAb ) (51)


Gas phase pAb
pAi Gas film Liquid film

Phase equilibrium is assumed at the gas-liquid interface.

Liquid phase

Applying Henrys law,


pAi = HA CAi
Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

CAi

(53)
Mass transport, NA 11

CAb

Henrys Law
pAi = HA CAi at equilibrium, where HA is Henrys constant for A

Note that pAi is the gas phase pressure and CAi is the liquid phase concentration.

Gas film

Liquid film

pAb

Unit of H:
[Pressure]/[concentration] = [ bar / (kg.m3) ]
Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

pAi

CAi
CAb
12

Two Film Theory applied at steady-state


We know the bulk concentration and partial pressure. We do not know the interface concentration and partial pressure. Therefore, we eliminate pAi and CAi from (51), (52) and (53) by combining them appropriately.
Gas film Liquid film

Gas phase pAb


pAi

Liquid phase

CAi
CAb

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

Mass transport, NA 13

Two Film Theory applied at steady-state


From (52): pAi = pAb - NA kp (54)

From (51):

CAi = CAb +

NA kc

(55)

Substituting the above in (53) and rearranging: NA =

pAb - HA CAb
HA / kc + 1 / kp

(56)

The above expression is based on gas-phase and liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients. Let us now introduce overall gas-phase and overall liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients.
Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011 14

Introducing overall gas-phase mass transfer coefficient:


Lets start from (56). Introduce the following imaginary gas-phase partial pressure:

pA* HA CAb

(57)

where pA* is a partial pressure that would have been in equilibrium with the concentration of A in the bulk liquid. Introduce an overall gas-phase mass-transfer coefficient (KG) as 1

KG

kp

HA

kc

(58)

Combining (56), (57) and (58):


Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

NA = KG (pAb - pA* )

(59)

15

Introducing overall liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient:


Once again, lets start from (56). Introduce the following imaginary liquid-phase concentration:

pAb HA CA*

(60)

where CA* is a concentration that would have been in equilibrium with the partial pressure of A in the bulk gas. Introduce an overall liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficient (KL) as 1

KL

HAkp

kc

(61)

Combining (56), (60) and (61):


Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

NA = KL (CA* - CAb)

(62)

16

Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Partitioning Curve showing the locations of p*A and C*A pA pAb pAb = HACA*

pAi
p A*

pAi = HA CAi
pA* = HA CAb

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

CAb

CAi

C A*

17

CA

Summary:
NA = KL (CA* - CAb) = KG (pAb - pA*) where CA* = pAb / HA pA* = HA CAb (62)

(59)
(60) (57)

1 = KG

HA = KL

1 + kp

HA kc

(58 and 61)

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

18

Example 3.20 from Ref. 2 (modified)


Sulfur dioxide (A) is absorbed into water in a packed column. At a certain location, the bulk conditions are 50oC, 2 atm, yAb = 0.085, and xAb = 0.001. Equilibrium data for SO2 between air and water at 50oC are the following:
pA (atm) CA (kmol/m3) 0.0382 0.03126 0.0606 0.1092 0.1700 0.10949

0.04697 0.07823

Experimental values of the mass transfer coefficients are kc = 0.18 m/h and kp = 0.040 kmol/h.m2.kPa. Compute the mass-transfer flux by assuming an average Henrys law constant and a negligible bulk flow.

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

19

Solution:
Data provided: T = 273oC + 50oC = 323 K; PT = 2 atm;

yAb = 0.085;
kc = 0.18 m/h;

xAb = 0.001;
kp = 0.040 kmol/h.m2.kPa
0.2 0.16 y = 1.4652x R2 = 0.9759

HA = 1.4652 atm.m3/kmol slope of the curve HA = 161.61 kPa.m3/kmol


pA (atm)

0.12 0.08 0.04 0 0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1
20

0.12

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

CA (kmol/m3)

Equations to be used: NA = KL (CA* - CAb) = KG (pAb - pA*) where CA* = pAb / HA pA* = HA CAb (62)

(59)
(60) (57)

1 = KG

HA = KL

1 + kp

HA kc

(58 and 61)

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

21

Calculation of overall mass transfer coefficients: 1 = KG HA = KL 1 + kp HA kc (58 and 61)

1 kp
HA kc

1 = h.m2.kPa/kmol 0.040
= 161.61 kPa.m3/kmol 0.18 m/h

= 25 h.m2.kPa/kmol

= 897 h.m2.kPa/kmol

KG = 1/(25 + 897) = 1/922 = 0.001085 kmol/h.m2.kPa KL = HA KG = 161.61/922 = 0.175 m/h

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

22

NA = KL (CA* - CAb) CA* = pAb / HA = yAb PT / HA

(62) is used to calculate NA

= 0.085 x 2 atm / 1.4652 atm.m3/kmol = 0.1160 kmol/m3 CAb = xAb CT = 0.001 CT

CT = concentration of water (assumed) = 1000 kg/m3 = 1000/18 kmol/m3 = 55.56 kmol/m3


CAb = 0.001 x 55.56 kmol/m3 = 0.05556 kmol/m3

NA = (0.175 m/h) (0.1160 - 0.05556) kmol/m3


= 0.01058 kmol/m2.h
Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011 23

Alternatively, NA = KG (pAb - pA*) pA* = CAb HA = xAb CT HA = 0.001 x 55.56 x 161.61 kPa = 8.978 kPa pAb = yAb PT = 0.085 x 2 x 1.013 x 100 kPa = 17.221 kPa NA = (1/922 h.m2.kPa/kmol) (17.221 - 8.978) kPa = 0.00894 kmol/m2.h (59) is used to calculate NA

Prof. R. Shanthini 06 Oct 2011

24

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