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1.2 The Scientific Investigation

The document outlines the 10 step scientific method which includes identifying a problem, forming a hypothesis, planning and conducting an experiment, collecting and recording data, analyzing results, making a conclusion, and writing a report. It also discusses the importance of identifying variables, having scientific attitudes like being objective and honest, and promoting noble values when conducting scientific investigations. The overall goal of the scientific method is to use a systematic process of observation, experimentation and data analysis to gather facts and arrive at evidence-based conclusions.

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18K views16 pages

1.2 The Scientific Investigation

The document outlines the 10 step scientific method which includes identifying a problem, forming a hypothesis, planning and conducting an experiment, collecting and recording data, analyzing results, making a conclusion, and writing a report. It also discusses the importance of identifying variables, having scientific attitudes like being objective and honest, and promoting noble values when conducting scientific investigations. The overall goal of the scientific method is to use a systematic process of observation, experimentation and data analysis to gather facts and arrive at evidence-based conclusions.

Uploaded by

IMELDA
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

2 The Scientific
Investigation
The Scientific Method

 The process of gathering


facts based on an observable
event or phenomenon
 Need to be adopted in
learning Biology
Steps involve in the
Scientific Investigation
1. Identifying a problem
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Planning the experiment
4. Identifying and controlling variables
5. Conducting the experiment
6. Collecting data
7. Recording data
8. Analysing and interpreting data
9. Making conclusion
10. Writing a report
1. Identifying a
problem
 Observe a specific phenomenon.
 Pose question related to the
phenomenon.
 In the form of
statement/question.
 Example:

Situation: A plant grows under


sunlight.
Problem statement: Do plants need
sunlight to grow?
2. Forming a
hypothesis
 Hypothesis – general statement or a
possible explanation to the problem under
investigation
 Based on observation
 Could be tested through experiment
 Example:
Problem statement: What is the effect of light
intensity to the photosynthesis process in
plant?
Hypothesis: The higher the light intensity, the
higher the rate of photosynthesis.
 Relate the manipulated variable with
3. Planning the
experiment
 Gathering relevant information about the
experiment
 Determining the materials and apparatus
needed
 Identifying variables that will influence
the result of the experiment
 Determining the technique to be used
 Determining the procedure to do the
experiment
 Determining how to make observation
and measurements to be taken
4. Identifying and
controlling variables
 Variables – factors/condition which
influence the result of the experiment
 Three types:
3. Manipulated variable – factor/condition
that we change in the experiment
4. Responding variable – factor/condition
that change according to the one that
we change
5. Fix/Constant variable – factor/condition
that are kept the same throughout the
5. Conducting the
experiment
 Follow the procedure and technique
that have been decided.
 Include control experiment, which is
similar in every aspect to the test
experiment except that the
manipulated variable is kept
constant for comparison
 At the end of the experiment, clean
the apparatus, put them back I the
right place and dispose the
6. Collecting data
 Data – result of the experiment
 Obtained by means of
observation and measurement
 Should be accurate and objective
7. Recording data
 Presenting the data
 Can be presented in the form of tables,
graphs, charts or diagram
 In a table, the quantity must have unit,
the first column shows the manipulated
variables and the second row shows the
responding variable.
 In a graph, x-axis shows the manipulated
variable and the y-axis shows the
responding variable
8. Analysing and
interpreting data
 Include calculation
 Determine the relationship
between manipulated variable
with responding variable
 Relate the information gathered
with the problem that is being
investigated
9. Making conclusion
 Find out whether the result
support or refute the hypothesis.
 If the hypothesis is rejected, form
a new hypothesis and repeat the
investigation until the hypothesis
is accepted.
10. Writing a report
 Present the result of the
experiment in writing
 Must be accurate, complete and
clear
Format of a report
 Objective/aim
 Problem statement
 Hypothesis
 Variables
 Materials and apparatus
 Technique
 Procedure
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
Scientific Attitudes
And Noble Values
 Have inquiring mind and a keen
interest in nature and the environment
 Cooperative and considerate towards
others and the environment
 Show honesty and accuracy in
conducting experiment and in
recording data
 Be objective and rational
 Have a sense of responsibility and
accountability to the community as a
Test yourself
 What is Scientific Method?
 What are the steps involve in a
scientific investigation?
 Why do experiment usually
require a control?
 Give two examples of scientific
attitudes and noble values?

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