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Approaches To Network Communications

This document discusses different approaches to network communications, including circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. It also summarizes the differences between wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs), how each type of network is structured, and typical speed differences. Finally, it provides an overview of the evolution of Ethernet technology from early implementations using coaxial cable to newer implementations using twisted pair wiring and hubs.

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406 views12 pages

Approaches To Network Communications

This document discusses different approaches to network communications, including circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. It also summarizes the differences between wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs), how each type of network is structured, and typical speed differences. Finally, it provides an overview of the evolution of Ethernet technology from early implementations using coaxial cable to newer implementations using twisted pair wiring and hubs.

Uploaded by

akirank1
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Approaches to Network

Communications
• Circuit-Switched
– Connection Oriented
– Form dedicated connection between 2 points
– U.S. Telephone System
• Packet_Switched
– Connectionless
– Data to be transferred broken into small packets
– Multiplexed onto high capacity systems
– Carries a few hundred(s) data usually
– Advantage: Multiple communications occur
concurrently
– Disadvantage: Network overload causes
throughput decrease

© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 1


WAN/LAN
• Fundamental difference
between large and small
spanning geographical distance
networks
• 2 Categories, no formal split
• Wide Area Networks, long haul
networks
– Slower speeds, greater delays
– Typical speeds 56Kbps to 155
Mbps

© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 2


WAN/LAN

• Local Area Network


– Highest speed, sacrifice long
distance
– Single building, small campus
– Typical speeds 10 Mbps to 2
Gbps
• LAN - Each computer connects
directly to physical transport
medium via network interface
device

© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 3


WAN/LAN
• WAN - Network usually
consists of a series of
interconnected intermediate
node routers interconnected by
communication lines and
modems
• Extending network means
adding another packet switch
• Connect a new computer to
WAN means connecting it to a
packet switch

© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 4


WAN/LAN

• Adding a new switch adds delay


along route
• Software hides details of
hardware on different packet
switches
– Hardware independent transport

© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 5


Network Hardware
Addresses
• Each hardware technology has
an addressing mechanism
• Specifies destination of packet
• Every computer on a network is
assigned a unique address
– Usually an integer
• Destination address field
contained in each packet
– Same location in all packets
• Sender must know destination
address

© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 6


Ethernet Technology
• Packet-switched LAN
technology
– Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
(PARC) in early ‘70s
• See Figure 2.1 on page 20
• Connection between computer
and co-axial (coax) called a
transceiver
• See Figure 2.2 on page 21
• Pin hole in ether = tap
• Connections to Ethernet have 2
major components

© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 7


Transceiver/Host
Interface
• Host Adapter
• Transceiver
– Connects to center wire and braided
shield
– Sensing and sending signals on the
ether
• Host Interface
– Plugs into the computer’s bus on
motherboard
– Connected to transceiver by cable
called Attachment Unit Interface (AUI)
• Oldest form of Ethernet technology
(Thick-Wire Ethernet)
• See Figure 2.4 on page 23
© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 8
Thin-Wire Ethernet

• First improvement, better


access, lower cost
• Thinnet
• Thinner coax cable, less
expensive, more flexible
• Thinner cable more susceptible
to electronic interference
(noise), shorter distances, fewer
computers

© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 9


Thinnet
• Replace high cost transceivers
with digital circuitry inside of
host interfaces
• Direct connection from
computer to ether
• Connects direction from one
computer to another
• See Figure 2.5 on page 24
• BNC Connectors, T’s in the
back plugged into host adapter
– Show on board

© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 10


Twisted Pair Ethernet
• No longer need for shield of
coax
• Ethernet access with pair of
unshielded copper wires similar
to telephone wires
• Further reduces cost, protects
other users on network when
someone disconnects
• 10Base-T wiring connects
computers via an Ethernet Hub
• See Figure 2.6 on page 25

© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 11


Hub

• Electronic device that simulates


signals of Ethernet
• Computers must be < 100m
away
• Requires power
• Intelligent vs. Dumb Hub
• Connection to hub acts same as
host adapter to transceiver

© MMII JW Ryder CS 428 Computer Networks 12

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