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Histology of The Integumentary System

The document summarizes the histology of the integumentary system. It describes the different types of epithelia that make up body membranes, including cutaneous epithelium in the skin, mucous epithelium in mucosal linings, and serous epithelium lining closed body cavities. It also describes the layers and cell types that make up the epidermis and dermis of the skin, including keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and dermal appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The functions of the skin in protection, regulation, and secretion are also briefly mentioned.

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chocoholic potchi
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100 views

Histology of The Integumentary System

The document summarizes the histology of the integumentary system. It describes the different types of epithelia that make up body membranes, including cutaneous epithelium in the skin, mucous epithelium in mucosal linings, and serous epithelium lining closed body cavities. It also describes the layers and cell types that make up the epidermis and dermis of the skin, including keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and dermal appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The functions of the skin in protection, regulation, and secretion are also briefly mentioned.

Uploaded by

chocoholic potchi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Histology of

the Integumentary System


Body Membranes
 EPITHELIAL
 Cutaneous- Skin = Epidermis (stratified
squamous epithelium) +
Dermis (dense irregular connective
tissue)
 Mucous- Mucosae- mucin-secreting ‘moist’
lining of body cavities that
open to the outside (respiratory;
digestive; genito-urinary; reproductive)
= lining epithelium +
lamina propria
 Serous- Serosae- line closed body cavities
Body Membranes

 CONNECTIVE TISSUE Membranes -


derived from the mesoderm
 Synovial membrane - no epithelium; lines
the fibrous capsule surrounding joints,
providing a smooth surface & secreting a
lubricating synovial fluid; & also lines the
small sacs, the ‘bursae’ of connective
tissues, & tendon sheaths
Embryology
Primary Ectoderm

Neuroectoderm 2° Ectoderm

Neural Neural Epidermis Pilar


Eccrine
tube crest Melanocytes complex
gland

Extracutaneous Melanoblasts

Sympathetic NS
Skin
 Epidermis - stratified
squamous epithelium;
its thickness
determines thickness
of the skin
 Dermis - also ‘Corium’
or ‘Cutis’- dense
irregular (fibro-
elastic) connective
tissue - contains
glands & follicles that
are derived from
The Epidermis
 Stratum corneum - 20 to 30 cell layers, it
constitutes 75% of epidermal
thickness; renews every 35-45 days
- consists of cornified horny cells -
‘corneocytes ’- in a loose
basketweave pattern
- keratin - on the surface - very tough
protein; mechanical barrier;
impervious to water
 Stratum lucidum - clear zone - rich in elastic
fibers- usually seen in acral portions of the
body; cells appear homogenous
 Stratum granulosum - 3 to 5 cell layers, its
thickness is usually proportional to
The Epidermis
 Stratum spinosum/malpighii - 2 to 6 cell layers
- gives mechanical stability to the skin;
cells are closely attached to one
another
- consists of polygonal cells with
abundant desmosomes- ‘prickle’ or
‘spinous’ cells; the upper cells contain
lamellar bodies also known as
‘keratinosomes’ ‘cementosomes’ or
‘Odland bodies’
 Stratum germinativum/basale - single layer of
flat, cuboidal, or columnar cells attached
to the underlying basement membrane by
hemidesmosomes, & to the upper cells by
Other Cells of the Epidermis
 Langerhans cells - comprise 3 to 8% of
epidermal cells
- indented nucleus; cytoplasmic racquet-
shaped Birbeck granules

- immunologic function - help present Ag to


helper T lymphocytes

 Merkel cells - found only in the basal layer,


cells have irregular lobulated nuclei
& cytoplasm with membrane bound granules
- abundant in areas with high tactile
sensitivity; innervated by myelinated
nerve fibers
 Melanocytes - about every 10th cell in the basal
Other Elements in the
Epidermis
 Herxheimer spirals - thick bundles of
intracellular tonofibrils that form the
attachment of desmosomes

 Colloidbodies - also ‘hyaline’ ‘civatte’


‘eosinophilic’ bodies - deeply eosinophilic,
degenerated epithelial cells

 Keratin -very stable protein- can be


dissolved only by strong acid; impervious
to water

 Melanin -
yellow to brown to black pigment
produced by melanocytes; acts like a
Keratin &
Melanocytes/Melanin
The Dermis
 Papillary (superficial) layer - irregular mesh of
collagen fibers; - uneven, undulating
contour due to dermal papillae – folds of
dermis that increase the contact area
between the epidermis & dermis; (rete
ridges- epidermal folds) - stains
pale pink with H & E
- contains capillary loops, cutaneous
receptors, sweat pores
 Reticular (deep) layer - coarser, criss-crossed
collagen bundles; - deeply eosinophilic with
H&E
- with blood vessels, sweat & oil glands,
Dermal papillae & Rete
ridges
The Dermis
Blood Supply
 Rete cutaneum - deep network of branches of
the main arteries that supply the skin
 Rete subpapillare - network at the junction
between papillary & reticular layers;
small arterioles branch into the papillae
Extracellular Matrix & Fibers
 Glycosaminoglycans: Hyaluronic acid,
Chondroitin sulfate, Dermatan sulfate
 mostly Type I Collagen fibers + some type III;
Elastic fibers
Cells of the Dermis
 Fibroblasts - fusiform or stellate cells that
produce collagen - main parenchymal
cells

 Mastcells - analogues of basophils found


around blood vessels
- contain metachromatic cytoplasmic
granules

 Macrophages - phagocytic cells –


Histiocytes

 Wandering cells - transients - erythrocytes,


Dermal Appendages:
Glands
 Sebaceous (oil) - found all over the skin
EXCEPT in palms & soles - ducts empty
into hair follicles or skin surface
- holocrine type of secretion
- Sebum - mixture of oils & fragmented cells;
abundant triglycerides &
FFA; keeps hair supple & skin soft;
- also has antibacterial properties
 Sudoriferous (sweat) : >2.5 million/person

 Eccrine - distributed all over the body


EXCEPT in the Lips, Clitoris,
Penis, & Labia majora;
- coiled glands in the deep dermis, pores
open to skin surface
Sebaceous glands
Dermal Appendages: Glands
 Apocrine - limited to the axillary & genital
areas, nipples, face, scalp, &
anterior trunk; larger, complex
glands; cells are large plump eosinophilic
- ducts open into hair follicles or onto
skin surface - secretion is a milky to
yellowish fluid, rich in fatty acids,
proteins, H2O & salts; odorless, but
bacterial action can produce an
unpleasant odor (‘body odor’)

Ceruminous glands - in the ear; secrete


Cerumen
Eccrine & Apocrine Glands
Dermal Appendages
Hair - present on body surfaces EXCEPT in
the hands, feet, lips - flexible, tubular;
minor protective function in humans,
more of an aesthetic role
Hair follicle – tubular invaginations of the
epidermis;
 Bulb - inferior end- basaloid cells &
melanocytes
 Matrix - growth zone; dark mass of cells

 Papilla - dermal papilla invaginating into


the bulb
 Root - enclosed by dermal & epidermal
sheaths
 Shaft : consists of the medulla (core);
cortex; & cuticle; its shape determines
Dermal Appendages

 Arrector muscle/Arrectores pilorum muscle


- smooth muscle connected to hair
- contraction pulls the hair upright
 Haarscheibe - round dermoepidermal disc
in close vicinity to hairs
- is a slow-adapting touch receptor
 Sensory Receptors - Pacinian corpuscles
(pressure); Krause end-bulbs
(warmth); Ruffini’s (cold);
Meissner’s (touch);
Dermal Appendages
Dermal Appendages
Nail - scale-like
modification of the
epidermis
 Nail bed - stratum
germinativum
 Nail matrix
 Root
 Body with free edge
 Cuticle
 Nail fold
 Eponychium
 Hyponychium
 Lunula
Skin: Other Considerations
 Skin thickness
 Skin color - results from a combination of
factors:
- amount & kind of Melanin
- amount of Carotene
- level of Oxyhemoglobin in blood/ skin
circulation
 General functions:
 Protective vs chemical, biological,
ultraviolet, mechanical, thermal
damage/invasion & dessication
 Excretory - sweat, sebum, cerumen (urea,
uric acid, water, salts)
Thank you

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