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2.1 - Encoding Techniques

The document discusses different encoding techniques used to transmit digital signals over networks, including Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding. Manchester encoding maps binary 1's and 0's to signal transitions in the middle of each bit, allowing the receiver to extract the clock. Differential Manchester encoding uses the presence or absence of transitions to indicate the logical value, with one transition indicating a 1 and two transitions indicating a 0. Both techniques allow digital data to be transmitted reliably over networks.

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Maryann Davis
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86 views

2.1 - Encoding Techniques

The document discusses different encoding techniques used to transmit digital signals over networks, including Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding. Manchester encoding maps binary 1's and 0's to signal transitions in the middle of each bit, allowing the receiver to extract the clock. Differential Manchester encoding uses the presence or absence of transitions to indicate the logical value, with one transition indicating a 1 and two transitions indicating a 0. Both techniques allow digital data to be transmitted reliably over networks.

Uploaded by

Maryann Davis
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An encoding technique is a system that allows alphanumeric characters and symbols to be coded in terms of bits and transmitted over

a LAN. Encoding techniques to be discussed:


Binary encoding Manchester encoding Differential Manchester Encoding

Digital networks and devices make use of digital signals (not analogue signals).
The medium may therefore carry two distinct signals representing binary 1 or binary 0.
binary 1 binary 0 + 12 volts - 12 volts

Manchester encoding is a synchronous clock encoding technique. It is used by the OSI physical layer (to be discussed further on) to encode the clock and data of a synchronous bit stream. In this technique, the actual binary data to be transmitted over the cable is not sent as a sequence of logic 1's and 0's (known technically as Non Return to Zero (NRZ)).

Instead, the bits are translated into a slightly different format that solves a problem when using straight binary encoding (i.e. NRZ).
The problem with straight binary encoding is that long runs of 1s or 0s make it difficult for the receiver to distinguish one 0 or one 1 from another.

Manchester encoding allows the receiver to extract the clock signal and correctly decode the value and timing of each bit. Manchester encoding follows the following rules:
Logic 1 indicated by a 0 to 1 transition Logic 0 indicated by a 1 to 0 transition

The diagram shows a typical Manchester encoded signal with the corresponding binary representation of the data (0,0,1,0,1,1) being sent.

Bit Boundaries

In the example in the previous slide, a logic 1 is indicated by a 0 to 1 transition at the centre of the bit and a logic 0 is indicated by a 1 to 0 transition at the centre of the bit. Note that signal transitions do not always occur at the 'bit boundaries' (the division between one bit and another), but that there is always a transition at the centre of each bit.

The problem with frequent transitions is that the Manchester coded signal consumes more bandwidth than the original signal (in NRZ).
Manchester encoding is used as the physical layer of an Ethernet LAN, where the additional bandwidth is not a significant issue.

Differential Manchester Encoding is a method of encoding data in which data and clock signals are combined to form a single data stream.
In differential Manchester encoding, if a "1" is represented by one transition, a "0" is represented by two transitions, and vice versa.

Therefore:
A '1' bit is indicated by making the first half of the signal equal to the last half of the previous bit's signal, i.e. no transition at the start of the bit-time. A '0' bit is indicated by making the first half of the signal opposite to the last half of the previous bit's signal, i.e. a zero bit is indicated by a transition at the beginning of the bit-time. In the middle of the bit-time there is always a transition, whether from high to low, or low to high.

A reversed scheme is possible, and no advantage is given by using either scheme.

It differs from Manchester Encoding by detecting the presence or absence of transitions to indicate the logical value. The advantage is that detecting transitions is often less error-prone than comparing against a threshold in a noisy environment. Differential Manchester is specified in the IEEE 802.5 standard for token ring LANs, and is used for many other applications, including magnetic and optical storage.

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