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By Dhanunjaya G M.E (IDC) - 1005-11-743119

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) stores energy in the magnetic field created by superconducting coils cooled to very low temperatures. At low temperatures, the coils have almost no electrical resistance, allowing efficient storage of energy. SMES provides benefits like fast response times, high efficiency, and no environmental pollution compared to other storage methods. However, SMES also has drawbacks like high costs and requiring maintenance of cryogenic refrigeration systems. Potential applications of SMES include load leveling, frequency regulation, power quality improvement, and increasing transmission capacity.

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61 views

By Dhanunjaya G M.E (IDC) - 1005-11-743119

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) stores energy in the magnetic field created by superconducting coils cooled to very low temperatures. At low temperatures, the coils have almost no electrical resistance, allowing efficient storage of energy. SMES provides benefits like fast response times, high efficiency, and no environmental pollution compared to other storage methods. However, SMES also has drawbacks like high costs and requiring maintenance of cryogenic refrigeration systems. Potential applications of SMES include load leveling, frequency regulation, power quality improvement, and increasing transmission capacity.

Uploaded by

ajay_kairi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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By Dhanunjaya G M.

E(IDC)-1005-11-743119

Energy storage technologies do not represent energy sources Provide valuable added benefits to improve: stability, power quality and security of supply. Battery Technologies

Flywheel Technologies
Advanced / Super Capacitors

Superconducting Energy Storage Systems

Introduction
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is an

energy storage device that stores energy in the form of dc electricity that is the source of dc magnetic field. In the recent 30 years, SMES technology is one of the hot research areas of superconductor applications, Especially when the high temperature superconducting (HTS)materials were discovered 20 years ago in 1986.

What is Superconductivity?
Superconductivity is a phenomenon observed in several metals

and ceramic materials. When these materials are cooled to temperatures ranging from near absolute zero ( 0 K, -2730 C) to liquid nitrogen temperatures ( 77 K, -1960 C), their electrical resistance drops with a jump down to zero.
The temperature at which

electrical resistance is zero is called the critical temperature (Tc)

Types of Superconductors Used


Low Temperature
Superconductors (LTS) Ex- Nb3Sn,Nb3Ge
High Temperature

Superconductors (HTS) Ex- YBCO

Shortcomings of LTS
Critical Temperatures are Very low Cost of cooling is very high using Liquid Helium For LTS TC < 20K

Advent of HTS
Comparatively higher critical Temperatures HTS show superconductivity at or above 196 C (77 K) i.e. Temperature
of Liquid Nitrogen

Liquid Nitrogen is 15 times cheaper than liquid

than Helium

SMES is a device for storing and instantaneously discharging large

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

quantities of power. It stores electric energy in the magnetic field generated by DC current flowing through a coiled wire.
The SMES recharges within minutes
and can repeat the charge/discharge sequence thousands of times without any degradation of the magnet.

Components Of SMES System

Superconductor Coils Power Conditioning System Cryogenically Cooled Refrigerator Vacuum Vessel

Conductor Data
Conductor type
Critical current @ 4.20K & 5.5T Filament diameter No. of filaments Wire diameter Critical current density of superconductor Overall dimension of superconducting cable Overall current density

Nb-Ti multifilamentary composite wire soldered in OFHC grade Cu channel


1030 Amp. 40 mm 500 1.29mm 1813 A/mm2 4.978mm x 2.794mm 58 A/mm2

Copper to S.C. ratio (Overall)


Copper to S.C. ratio of wire RRR =r300K / r10K Yield Strength Twist Pitch Superconducting alloy Resistivity

20
1.3 150 117MPa <12.7mm Nb / 46.4% Ti 10-11ohm-cm

How Does It Work?


Stores Electric Energy in Magnetic Field

Superconductors have zero resistance to DC electrical current


at low temperatures Very low Ohmic heat dissipation Energy stored within the coil is given by

SMES systems store energy in a magnetic field created by

the flow of direct current in a coil of superconducting material that has been cryogenically cooled. At low-temperatures, electric currents encounter almost no resistance. Stores energy in the magnetic field. Environmental friendly and Highly efficient.

SMES: Principle & Block Representation


Principle: E = L I P = dE / dt = LI ( dI / dt ) = VI

SMES: Various Modes of Operation

Charging Mode: Power Converter acts as a Chopper to charge SMES coil. Compensation Mode: The SMES coil enters persistent mode of operation via various switching elements and stores the energy without any dissipation. Discharging Mode: The utility mains is disconnected and power is fed to the load by the SMES coil through the power conditioning system.
.

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

AC Line

Transformer

Power Conversion System CSI or VSI + dc-dc chopper

Bypass Switch

Dewar ICoil VCoil Coil

Cryogenic System Controller

Coil Protection

POWER CONDITIONING SYSTEM


Power conditioning system (PCS) is the interface between

SMES coil and power system, generally there are two types: current source converter (CSC) PCS voltage source converter (VSC) PCS.

voltage source converter-PCS


usually uses in a large sized SMES system.
It is a voltage source converter in series with a DC/DC

chopper, the charge and discharge of a SMES coil is controlled through invert circuit and the chopper The four-quadrant voltage source converter is utilized to accomplish the power transformation between the threephase AC power system and the DC bus

Current source converter of PCS

The configuration of CSC-PCS is simple compared to VSC-

PCS, and also its control is easier. The most important feature is that the response of power exchange with a CSC-PCS is much faster than with a VSCPCS, because a SMES stores energy in the form of dc current. CSC-PCS technique is suitable for medium- and minisized SMES several modules of CSC-PCS with parallel connection are able to be used in the case of high or ultra high power.

Applications
a) b) c) d) e) f)

SMES efficiency and fast response capability (MW/millisecond) have been, and can be further exploited in applications at all levels of electric power systems. Potential applications have been studied since 1970s. load leveling, frequency support (spinning reserve) during loss of generation, enhancing transient and dynamic stability, dynamic voltage support (VAR compensation), improving power quality, increasing transmission line capacity, thus enhancing overall security and reliability of power systems. Further development continues in power conversion systems and control schemes, evaluation of design and cost factors, and analyses for various SMES system applications..

Advantages
Efficiency > 95%.
Reason: No electro-mechanical or electro-chemical system is involved.

Fast response capability to control signals.


Reason: No moving part is involved.

No environmental pollution. Long Life ~ 30 40 years. Higher energy storage per unit volume

Drawbacks
Greater maintenance of cryogenic refrigeration units Proper shielding against very high magnetic flux Ensuring efficient quench protection to the coil Higher cost

SMES:
Owing to the Superconducting Magnetic energy storage, expertise has evolved in the fields of
Cryogenics Superconducting Coil Winding

Critical instrumentations

So, much of the problems including


Quench Protection design

Operating Cryogenic Plant


Design of Proper Magnetic shielding

CONCLUSIONS
With the fast development of the HTS technology,

SMES devices with high efficiency, rapid response with active and reactive power compensation, will play an irreplaceable role in the power systems. The new developing superconductive industry's market will exceed 25 billion dollars by 2015, among them it is 30% in the power system; and will reach 70 billion dollars by 2020.

Thank You

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