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Image Processing LECTURE 2-A

This document discusses digital image processing. It describes the key stages in a computer vision system including image formation, camera optics and sensors, image processing, and image coding. All digital image processing systems involve digitizing images, processing them, storing them, and communicating them. The document then focuses on image acquisition, describing how light is reflected from objects and captured by cameras or the eye. It discusses different types of image sensors like CCD cameras and how they convert light intensity to digital images by sampling and quantizing.

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530 views23 pages

Image Processing LECTURE 2-A

This document discusses digital image processing. It describes the key stages in a computer vision system including image formation, camera optics and sensors, image processing, and image coding. All digital image processing systems involve digitizing images, processing them, storing them, and communicating them. The document then focuses on image acquisition, describing how light is reflected from objects and captured by cameras or the eye. It discusses different types of image sensors like CCD cameras and how they convert light intensity to digital images by sampling and quantizing.

Uploaded by

kamar044
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Image Processing

ELE-4707
Lecture 2
Dr Hassan Ahmed
Image Processing (Computer Vision) -
Recap
“Inverse Photography”
Stages in Computer Vision

• Physics: Image Formation (Light,


Reflectance)
• Physics: Cameras: Optics (Lens),
Sensors (CCD, CMOS)
• Image Processing: Coding
(Transmission, Compression)
DIP Systems
All digital image
processing systems
consist of some means to
(1) digitise / acquire the
images,
(2) process the images
(computing capability),
(3) save the images
(4) produce human
readable hardcopy, and
(5) communicate the
images to other systems.
Image Acquisition
• Light is emitted by light source
• Light is reflected from objects
• Reflected light is sensed (captured) by eye
or by camera
• IncidentType of illumination
light illumination: Camera and
light source are on the same side of the
object. The image shows the distribution
of the light intensity reflected by the object.

• Transmitted light illumination: Camera


and light source are on opposite sides of
the object. The screen shows the dark
form of the object in front of a light
background. Transmitted light illumination
Type of Image capturing system
• In everyday life a number of image
capturing systems are used,
depending on the application field.
They differ in the
– acquisition principle
– acquisition speed
– spatial resolution
– sensor system
• the most-used sensors for capturing
images electronically are:
– area scan cameras
– line scanners
– laser scanners
– nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomographs
– Thermo-graphic sensor systems (e.g. infrared cameras)
– ultrasonic devices
Classification of Sensors
Sensors can be categorized into the
following classes according to their
sensitivity ranges:
• Electromagnetic sensors - sensitive to a
certain range of electromagnetic radiation
– gamma radiation
– X-ray radiation
– the visual spectrum
– the infrared spectrum
– the radio wave range
most important acquisition
method – CCD cameras
• Single
imaging
sensor

• Line sensor

• Array Sensor
CCD

• The incoming light falls on a CCD (Charge


Coupled Device) sensor, which consists of
light-sensitive semi-conductor elements.
They can be arranged in a line (line
camera) or a matrix (area scan camera).
• The number of electrons which are
collected is proportional to the light which
Single sensor acquisition

Mechanical motion can be controlled with high precision, this


method is an inexpensive (but slow) way to obtain high-resolution
images.
Other similar mechanical arrangements use a flat bed, with the
sensor moving in two linear directions.
Using Sensor Strip

Image acquisition through


linear sensor strip

Image acquisition through


circular sensor strip
Sensor Arrays

• Individual sensors can also be arranged


in the form of a 2-D array.
• A number of electromagnetic and some
ultrasonic sensing devices frequently are
arranged in an array format.
• Predominant arrangement found in digital
Image Acquisition

08/12/09 15
Image description
f (x,y): intensity/brightness of the image at
spatial coordinates (x,y)

0< f (x,y)<∞ and determined by 2 factors:


illumination component i(x,y): amount of
source light incident
reflectance component r(x,y): amount of light
reflected by objects
f (x,y) = i(x,y) r(x,y)
where
08/12/09 16
The Digital Image Formation

The digital image is a numerical computer


representation of the physical image. The physical
image is divided into small regions called picture
elements, or pixels. The number stored in each pixel
represents the brightness of the scene in the designated
region.
The Digital Image

The conversion process from physical to digital image is


called digitisation. At each pixel location, the
brightness of the physical image is sampled and
converted into an integer number, called the grey level.
Sampling
Quantisation
Sampling and Quantization

quantization
Sampling and Digital line scan
quantization
08/12/09 21
The Digital Image

The image displayed is stored as an array of numbers in


the computer memory.
Colour images are sampled 3 times, giving 3 digital
images, 1 each for a primary colour variable (RGB, CMY
or HSI).
Digital Image
Each pixel has an
address in the digital
image, i.e. row or line
number and column or
sample number.
Typically, the origin
(x,y)=(0,0) is at the top-
left corner of the image.
A digital image of 640
horizontal pixels and 400
vertical pixels will have
address values of x=0-
639 and y=0-399.

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