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Ohms Law

Ohm's law explains the direct relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit. It states that for a fixed resistance, voltage and current are directly proportional, while resistance and current are inversely proportional. The document provides examples of how Ohm's law applies to water flow in a hose and electron flow in a copper wire. It also explains key electrical concepts such as voltage, current, resistance, circuits, and the historical development of Ohm's law.

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215 views40 pages

Ohms Law

Ohm's law explains the direct relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit. It states that for a fixed resistance, voltage and current are directly proportional, while resistance and current are inversely proportional. The document provides examples of how Ohm's law applies to water flow in a hose and electron flow in a copper wire. It also explains key electrical concepts such as voltage, current, resistance, circuits, and the historical development of Ohm's law.

Uploaded by

srikalyani2k9
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ohms Law explains the relationship between voltage (V or E), current (I) and resistance (R) Used by electricians,

, automotive technicians, stereo installers

Cause Effect Opposition

Every conversion of energy from one form to another can be related to this equation. In electric circuits the effect we are trying to establish is the flow of charge, or current. The potential difference, or voltage between two points is the cause (pressure), and resistance is the opposition encountered.

Simple analogy: Water in a hose


Electrons in a copper wire are analogous to water in a hose. Consider the pressure valve as the applied voltage and the size of the hose as the source of resistance.

The absence of pressure in the hose, or voltage across the


wire will result in a system without motion or reaction. A small diameter hose will limit the rate at which water will flow, just as a small diameter copper wire limits the flow of electrons.

Developed in 1827 by Georg Simon Ohm


For a fixed resistance, the greater the voltage (or pressure) across a resistor, the more the current. The more the resistance for the same voltage, the less the current. Current is proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance.

It is the push or pressure behind current flow through a circuit, and is measured in (V) volts.

Current refers to the quantity/volume of electrical flow. Measured in Amps (A)

Resistance to the flow of the current. Measured in Ohms

1. Assuming the resistance does not change: As voltage increases, current increases. as voltage decreases, current decreases.

2. Assuming the voltage does not change: As resistance increases, current decreases. As resistance decreases, current increases.

What is Voltage? What is Current? What is Resistance?

V (E) = I x R I=V R

R=V I

Battery voltage is 12V Current is Amp ? Resistance 2 Ohm

Voltage is 12V Current is 4 Amps Resistance Ohms ?

Multi meters/ DVOM

Why do we need resistors To decrease the amount of voltage applied to a component The value of the resistor is marked on the body using coloured rings

What is Voltage? What is Current? What is Resistance?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nj7ewZmG3 eo&feature=related

What is a load It is a any electric load on a circuit that does work.

Example: Power windows, light bulbs, motors.

Series circuit : One pathway for current to flow. Example: Old Christmas lights

More then one path way for current to flow. Used in most electrical vehicle circuits.

12

What is Voltage? What is Current? What is Resistance? What are wiring diagrams? What are the different circuits and there characteristics?

Power is an indication of how much work (the conversion of energy from one form to another) can be done in a specific amount of time; that is, a rate of doing work.

Energy (W) lost or gained by any system is determined by:

W = Pt
Since power is measured in watts (or joules per second) and time in seconds, the unit of energy is the wattsecond (Ws) or joule (J)

The watt-second is too small a quantity for most practical purposes, so the watt-hour (Wh) and kilowatt-hour (kWh) are defined as follows:

Energy (Wh) power (W) time (h) power (W) time (h) Energy (kWh) 1000 The killowatt-hour meter is an instrument used

for measuring the energy supplied to a residential or commercial user of electricity.

Efficiency () of a system is determined by the following equation:

= Po / P i
Where:

= efficiency (decimal number)


Po = power output Pi = power input

The basic components of a generating (voltage) system are depicted below, each component has an associated efficiency, resulting in a loss of power through each stage.

Insert Fig 4.19

Insert Table 4.1

Power coming into any facility or item must be limited to ensure that the current through the lines or electrical equipment is not above the rated value. Fuses or circuit breakers are installed where the power enters the installation.
Fuses have an internal metallic conductor which begins to melt if the current exceeds the fuse rated value on the case. In recent years fuses have been replaced with circuit breakers. Circuit breakers have an electromagnet that, when the current exceeds the rated value, has sufficient strength to draw the connecting metallic link out of the circuit and open the path.

National Electrical Code requires that outlets in the bathroom and other sensitive areas be of the Ground Fault Circuit Interrupt (GFCI) variety. GFCIs are designed to trip more quickly than the standard circuit breaker. GFCI senses differences in input and output currents to the outlet, and trips if they are not the same.

Microwave ovens
Most microwaves are rated at 500 W to 1200 W at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. Heating occurs because the water molecules in the food vibrate at such a high frequency that the friction with neighboring molecules causes the heating effect. Most microwaves are between 50% and 60% efficient.

Household wiring
Most older homes, without electric heating, have a 100 A service. Power is broken down into different circuits utilizing 15 A, 20 A, 30 A and 40 A protective breakers.
Maximum load on each breaker should not

exceed 80% of its rating (12 A of a 15 A circuit breaker).

The correct gauge of wire must be used with the right circuit breaker #14 wire up to a 15 A breaker, #12 wire up to 20 A, #10 wire up to 30 A. Grounding is a very important part of safety.
The National Electric Code requires that the neutral wire of a system be grounded to an earth-driven rod, a metallic water piping system of 10 ft or more, or a buried metal plate.

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