1

Power Dividers and

= = =
= + = + = +
=
(
(
(

=
S S S S S S
S S S
S
S S
S S
S S
S
T
2
| |
( )
( )
coupler l directiona a in results which
0
0 S , 0 S
0
0 S , 0 S Lossless
0
0
0
0
23 14
2
34
2
12 23
23
*
34 12
*
14 34
*
14 23
*
12
2
24
2
13
*
14
23
*
24 13
*
14 24
*
14 23
*
13
34 24 14
34 23 13
24 23 12
14 13 12
S S
S S S
S S S S S S
S S S
S S S S S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S
=
=
= + = +
=
= + = +
(
(
(
(

=
Four-Port Network (Directional Couplers)
Assume all ports are matched
3
| |
| | Coupler rical Antisymmet (The
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Coupler) l symmetrica (The
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1
2 0 S
, e , S S
,
1 S , 1 S
1 S , 1 S
2 2
34
*
24 13
*
12
24
j
13 34 12
34 12 24 13
2
34
2
24
2
34
2
13
2
24
2
12
2
13
2
12
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
= +
= + = +
= = = =
= = = =
= + = +
= + = +
o |
o |
| o
| o
o |
o |
| o
| o
| o
t t | u
| | o
o |
| u
S
j
j
j
j
S
n S S S
e S S
S S S S
S S
S S
j
4
Input
Through or
direct
Coupled
Isolated
Directional Coupler
1
4 3
2
dB C D I
dB log 20
P
P
10log I Isolation
dB
S
log 20
P
P
10log D y Directivit
dB log 20
P
P
10log C Coupling
14
4
1
14
4
3
3
1
+ =
= = =
= = =
= = =
S
|
|
5
| |
| |
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
= =
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
2
1
4. port at fed when 3 and 2 ports
between differnce phase 180 a has race - rat or hybrid T magic The
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
2
1
1. port at fed when 3 and 2 ports
between shift phase 90 a has hybrid quadrature The .
2
1
dB. 3 is factor coupling the where coupler,
al Direction of cases special are couplers Hybrid
o
0
S
j
j
j
j
S
| o
6
Directional Couplers
1 2
3
4
b
f
f
i
P
P
P
P

log 10 D
: is D y directivit The
log 10 C
: is C coupling The
=
=
P
i

P
b

P
f

P
t

7
| |
| || |
| |
(
(
(
(

=
= =
= =
=
(
(
(
(

=
= =
= =
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0 , 0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 S coupler ideal For
34 24
34 13
24 12
13 12
44 33
*
44 24
*
33 13
*
44 34 24
34 33 13
24 12
13 12
22 11
23 14
S S
S S
S S
S S
S
S S
S S S S
U S S
S S S
S S S
S S
S S
S
S S
S
t
8

,
1
1


0 , 0
2 13 1 12
2
24
2
12
2
13
2
12
34 12
24 13
34 24 13 12
34 13 24 12
*
34 24
*
13 12
*
34 13
*
24 12
jC S C S
S S
S S
S S
S S
S S S S
S S S S
S S S S S S S S
= =
= +
= +
=
=
+
+
= + = +
| |
(
(
(
(

=
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 2
1 2
2 1
2 1
C jC
C jC
jC C
jC C
S
9
Directional Couplers
Two-hole Waveguide Couplers
Port 1
Port 3
Port 4
Port 2
a
1
0
b
2

b
4

b
3

K
f
a
1

-|L
K
b

a
1

-2|L
K
f
a
1

-|L
K
f
a
1
0
a
1
-|L
L
and reverse aperture coupling coeffiecients
K
f
and K
r

are the forward
P
i

P
b

P
f

P
t

10
array. with the associated y directivit a plus aperture
single the of y directivit the of sum the is y directivit The
sec log 20 log 20
cos
log 20
1
2
log 20 D
: is D y directivit The
2 log -20 C
: is C coupling The
2
L
K
K
L K
K
e K
K
K
r
f
r
f
L j
r
f
f
|
|
|
+ =
=
+
=
=

11
Multi-element Couplers
To achieve good directivity over a band of frequencies, couplers
With many apertures may be used.
d
A
B
b
B
f

F
0

B
0

A
A
Let the aperture coupling in the forward direction be C
n

And the reverse coupling in the reverse direction be
D
n

=
N
n
n
Nd j
F Ae F
0
: is guide upper wave
the in wave forward total the aperture Nth the of position At the
|
Input
Isolated
Through
Coupled
n=0
n=1
B
1
A
F
1
A
12
nd j
N
n
n
nd j
N
n
n
nd j
N
n
n
e B C
e B
F
B
D
A
F
e B A B
2
0
N
0 n
n
2
0
N
0 n
n
2
0
log 20
F
log 20 log 20
F -20log log 2 C : are y directivit and coupling The
: is guide upper wave
the in wave backward total the aperture first the of plane At the
|
|
|

=
=

=
=

= = =
= =
=
13
ts. coefficien binomial is constant, is K ,
choosing by achieved be can stic characteri passband flat maximally A
er. transform ve quarter wa section - N from t coefficien reflection
for the expression the as same ( factor Array :
log 20 log 20
dB log 20 log 20 log 20 log 20
aperture. all for same the are that ts coefficien coupling backward
and forward for the constant are , , B , F
aperture. nth the of radius the being r with guide, the of edge the to
relative position identical with holes round are apertures that the Assume
3
2
0
3
0
3
2
0
3
3
n
3
n
n
N
n
N
n n
nd j
N
n
n
N
n
n f
b
nd j
N
n
n b
b f n b n f
C KC r
e r S
r K C
S K C e r K C D
K K r K r K
=
=
=
= =
= =

=
=

|
|
14
In order to obtain an equal-ripple characteristics in the pass band
The array factor F is made proportional to Chebyshev polynomial.
/2. where band the of center the in
C coupling desired the gives it that such K Choose passband. the
of edges lower and upper at the value the is sec and
) cos (sec ) 2 cos( 2 S Choose
even N for 2 / ) (
odd N for 2 / ) 1 (
) 2 cos( 2
then ,... , Choose
m
0
0
2 3
1 1 0
t u
u | u
u u u
|
u
=
=
= =
=
=
= =
= =

=
=

d
T K n N r
N M
N M
d n N r e r S
r r r r
m N
M
n
n
M
n
n
jn
n
N N
Chebyshev Response
15
) (bandwidth determined be can then , D Given
dB ) (sec log 20
. 1 ) cos (sec
when occurs factor array by the d contribute
, passband the in D of value minimum the , small very is
, cos (sec ) (sec since
, 1 ) cos (sec occur when will D of alue smallest v The
dB
) cos (sec
) (sec
log 20
K
K
-20log log 20 K 20log - D
m min
min
min
b
f
0
b
u
u
u u
u u u
u u
u u
u
u
m N
m N
b
f
m N m N
m N
m N
m N
T D
T
K
K
T T
T
T
T
S C
=
=
>
=
+ = =
=
16
Branch-Line Coupler
Z
02

Z
02

Z
01

Z
01

l
l
Z
0

Z
0

Z
0

Z
0

Port 4
Port 3
Port 2 Port 1
Even-mode
pair
Odd-mode
pair
a
1
/2
a
1
/2
-a
1
/2
a
1
/2
b
4

b
1

b
2

b
3

D C B A
T
D C B A
D C B A
a
b T T
a
b
T T
a
b
a
b
o e o e
o e o e
+ + +
=
+ + +
+
= I
I I = =
+ = I + I =
2
,
) (
2
, ) (
2
) (
2
, ) (
2
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
17
Open circuits Short circuits
Even-mode excitation Odd-mode excitation
/4 ,
1 1

mode even for is
1
0 1

0
0

1
0 1
02
01
2
02
2
01
01
01
02
01
02
01
01
02
=
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
(
(

(
(

(
(

=
(

Z
Z
Z Z
Z j
Z j
Z
Z
Z
j
Z
j
Z j
Z
j
D C
B A
18
4) port power to (no 0 b
3) to 1 port from shift phase 180 - power, (half
2
1
b
2) to 1 port from shift phase 90 - power, (half
2
b
matched is 1 port 0 b
mode odd for ) 1 (
2
1
T , 0
mode even for ) 1 (
2
1
T , 0 Then
2 / Z Impedance the choose we If
4
o
3
o
2
1
o o
e e
01 02
=
=
=
=
= = I
+

= = I
=
j
j
j
Z
19
Parallel-Coupled Lines Directional Coupler
Input
Coupled Port 3
Direct Port 2
Isolated Port 4
Port 1
L
Input
Coupled Port 3
Direct Port 2
Isolated Port 4
Port 1
L
H wall
a
1
/2
a
1
/2
Even Mode excitation
20
Z
0

Z
0

Z
0

Z
0

1
3
2
4
Z
0e

Z
0o

I
1

I
3

I
4

I
2

o
e
in
e
o
o
in
o
o
e
in
e
in
e
o
o
in
o
in
o
o
o
o o
in
e
e
e e
in
o e
o e
Z Z
V
I
Z Z
V
I
Z Z
Z
V V
Z Z
Z
V V
jZ Z
jZ Z
Z Z
jZ Z
jZ Z
Z Z
I I
V V
I
V
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
= =
1 1
1 1
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0
1 1
1 1
1
1
in
,
,
tan
tan
,
tan
tan
Z
u
u
u
u
V
21

1
1
,
1
1
1 , Then 2 For
sin cos 1
1
0 ,
tan 1
tan
C e Defin ,
tan ) ( 2
tan ) (
then , Z Z Let
2
) ( ) (
0 0
2
2 3
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 4 4 4
2
3
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
3
2
0
o
in
e
in
C
C
Z Z
C
C
Z Z
C j
V
V
C
V
V
j C
C
V V V V
V V V V V
j C
jC
V V
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z j Z
Z Z j
V V
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z
o o o e
o e
o e o e
o e
o e
o e
o e
o in o o oe
o
o
in
e
in
o
o
in
e
in o
e
in
o
in
in
+

+
=
= = =
+

= + =
= = + =
+
=
+

=
+ +

=
= = =
+ +
+ + +
=
t u
u u
u
u
u
u
22
Hybrid Junctions Magic T
| |
| |
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
24 24
24 12
24 12
12 12
S
S S
S S
S S
S S
S
23
Microstrip Hybrid Ring
/4
/4
/4
1
2
3
4
3/4
The hybrid ring (rat-race)
a
a
Ports 1 and 3 are uncoupled, ports 2 and 4 are uncoupled
Z
1

Z
c

V
a
+


V
a
+

or -V
a
+

V
b
+


or -V
b
+
V
b
+


Even
Odd
1/2 1/2
Even
Odd
1/2 -1/2
24
jB
2

jB
1

u
1

Y
1
Y
c

Y
c

V
a
+

V
b
+

Equivalent circuit for
one half of Hybrid ring
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+

b
a
sc sc
sc sc
b
a
sc sc
sc sc
b
a
oc c
oc oc
b
a
oc oc
oc oc
V
V
S S
S S
V
V
V
V
S S
S S
V
V
V
V
S S
S S
V
V
V
V
S S
S S
V
V
,
: excitation odd For
,
: excitation even For
22 21
12 11
3
4
22 21
12 11
2
1
22
0
21
12 11
3
4
22 21
12 11
2
1
25
S , S ,
) (
2
1
S , ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
S , ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
S , ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
S , ) (
2
1
) (
2
1

2
1

2
1
0
2 V , 2 V ion superposit Use
21 34 22 33 11 44
12 12 42 11 11 41
22 22 32 o e 12 12 31
22 22 22 12 12 21
12 12 12 o e 11 11 11
2
1
22 22 21 21
12 12 11 11
3
4
2
1
22 22 21 21
12 12 11 11
2
1
4 3
2 1
S S S S
S S S S S
T T S S S S S
S S S S S
T T S S S S S
V
V
S S S S
S S S S
V
V
V
V
S S S S
S S S S
V
V
V V
V V
sc oc sc oc
o e
sc oc sc oc
sc oc sc oc
o e
sc oc sc oc
sc oc sc oc
sc oc sc oc
sc oc sc oc
sc oc sc oc
b a
= = =
= =
= = I I = =
+ = + =
+ = + = I + I = + =
(

=
(

+ +
+ +
=
(

= =
= =
+
+

+
+

+ +
+ + + +
26
0 S ,
2
S ,
2
S
matched. is 1 port i.e.

2
T ,
2
,
2
T ,
2

1 2
2 1
,
1 2
2 1
31 31 21
11
o o e e
= =

=
=

= I = = I
(

=
(

=
(

j j
o S
j j j j
j
j
D C
B A
j
j
D C
B A
o e
/4
/8
3/8
1/2
O.C
O.C
2 1
T
e
I
c

2
2
2
/4
/8
3/8
1/2
S.C
S.C
2 1
T
o

I
o

2
2
2
Even Mode Odd Mode
Port 2
Port 1
Port 1
Port 2
27
| |
(
(
(
(

=
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
2
j
S
28
Power Dividers
Z
1

Z
3

Z
2

P
3

P
2

P
1

A lossless three port juntion
.
1 Y
Y
matching impedance for
) 1 ( ,
2
1
2
1
3
2
3 2 1
1 3 1 2
2
1 3
2
1 2 1
o
o
o o

=
+ =
= =
+ =
+ +
Y Y Y
P P P P
V Y V Y P
29
resistor.
in the current no is there impedance, load correct in d terminate are ports
output When the resistor. by the by absorbed is port output the from
power reflected the 3, port and 2 port between resistor connect we If
3. port into couple not
does 2 port at power reflected the , 0 S have to desired is It
ports. output e between th islolation no 0, S
. ports outputs
matched have not ll divider wi power losselss of type This
23
23
=
=
R
Z
L2

Z
L3

Z
2

Z
3

Z
c

/4
30
, Y , Y
: 1 port At
) (
Y 1 port at load matched For
K
: require we ratio power obtain the order to In . Then
and Z load matched in the d terminate are 3 and 2 port when
R in current zero maintain and
2
3
3
in,3
2
2
2
in,2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
in
2 3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3 2
3 L2
2
2
3
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z Z K
Y
Z
Z
Z
Z
Y
Y
Z Z K
Z
V
Z
V
V V
Z
P K P
L L
c
L
c
L L
in
c
L L
L L
L
= =
= +
= + =
=
= =
=
=


31
. impedances
load matched in their teminated are 3 and 2 port as
long as frequency any at R in current no is There
1
tan
tan
Y
tan
tan
Y frequency any At
V
2
1
V
2
1
3 2
2
2 2
3 3
2 2
3
2
2 ,
2
3 3
3 3
3 in,3
2 2
2 2
2 in,2
3
2
2
2 ,
2
1
2
3 ,
2
1
= = =
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
=
=
+ +
L L
L L
L L
L L
L
L
in
L
L
L
L
in in
Z I K
Z I
Z I
Z I
V
V
Y K
jY Y
jY Y
Y
jY Y
jY Y
Y
Z K Z
Y K Y
u
u
u
u
32
23
c
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2 ,
2
in,3 in,2
Y G if uncoupled are 3 and 2 Port
Y impedance load a in
1 terminate 3, and 2 between coupling the analyze order to In
0 ) 1 ( Choose
tan ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( Y Y
=
= I + =
+ + + +
+
=
+

= I
+ = +
in c
c c
c
in c
in c
in
in
Y K Y
Y Y K j Y K Y
Y K Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y K
u
33
0
2
3
23
3
2
33 23
23 22
3
2
3

=
=
(

=
(

V
V
I
Y
V
V
Y Y
Y Y
I
I
-Y
23

-Y
22
+Y
23
-Y
33
+Y
23

G
V
2

V
3

I
2

I
3

Y
c

Y
3

,u
Y
2
,u
sc
V
2

I
3

z
3
z
2

Equivalent circuit with port
2 and 3 excited
Equivalent circuit between
Port 2&3 with port 3 sc and
R removed
34

1
,
1
1
Z , ,
Y /2 When
2 sin ) ( ) 2 cos 1 (
2
2
3
2
2
2
3 2
3 2
3 2
23
3 2
3 2
23
+
=
+
=
= = =
= =
+
=
K
R
Z
K
R K
Z
RZ
K
RZ K Z
Z
Z Z
R
Y
Y Y
Y Y j Y
Y Y
Y
L L
c c
c
c
c
t u
u u
35
Passive Microwave Devices
Attenuators
R
1

R
2

R
1

Z
c
Z
c

V
g

g
c
TH
c c in
c
c
in
V
Z R R
R
V
Z R R R Z R
Z R R
Z R R
R R
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
= + =
+ +
+
+ =
2 1
2
2
2 1 1
2 1
1 2
1
) 2 ( For
) (
R
2

R
1

R
1

t section
T section
36
circuit the of out and in it switch to
ion configurat section - in the R with parallel in used be can diode PIN
. 4 . 141 R and , 58 . 8 R attenuator dB - 3 For
1
2
R ,
1
1
R
R n, attenuatio Power
8 8 2 2
1
: is load the to delivered power The
2
2 1
2
2 1
in
2
2 1
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
t
O = O =

=
+

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
= =
c c
c
c
c
g
c
g
c
c
c
TH
L
Z
K
K
Z
K
K
Z
Z R R
R
K
Z
V
K
Z
V
Z R R
R
Z
Z
V
P
37
Phase shifters
/4
/4
/4
/4
/4
/4
OC
Bias Current Input
Bias
Circuit
Ground
Bias Current Input
Bias
Circuit
Ground
Length l
2

l
1

Incremental-line-type phase shifter
oc
input output
e | t / ) ( / ) (
1 2 1 2
= = A
p
v
38
/4
/4
Bias
Current
Input
jB
jB
Bl=u
V
+
1

V
-
1

V
+
2

V
-
2

V
+
3

V
-
3

V
+
4

V
-
4

OC
A phase shifter using switched reactive elements
39
| |
(
(
(
(
(

+
=
2
1
2
2 2
1
_ _
_ _
1
B
j
B
j
B
j
B
j
A
Transmission matrix of a normalized shunt suceptance jB:
Transmission matrix of a section of transmission line of
Electrical length u:
| |
(

=
u
u
j
j
e
e
A
0
0
2
40
| | | || | | || || |
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

+
4
4
22 21
12 11
4
4
3 2 1
3
3
2 1
2
2
1
1
1
V
V
A A
A A
V
V
A A A
V
V
A A
V
V
A
V
V
Relationship among wave amplitudes:
Choose V
-
4
= 0, then V
+
4
= V
+
1
/A
11
Thus T
14
= 1/ A
11
1
_
2
2
_
14
4 2
1

(
(
(

+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
u u j j
e
B
e
B
j T
If tanu = 2/B then :
0
14
) (
14
53.14 1.107, 1 B For
/2 , /4 2, B For
2 ) (
1 ,
= Au = =
= Au = =
= = Au
= = =

u
t t u
u t u u t
u t u
T e e T
j j
41
small VSWR input the keep to
order in states between shifts phase small o limited is shifter phase This
mismatch. large 92 . 22 4 . 0.2 as large as B of A value
B 2 B - B and B B when phase in change The
2 / tan 2 / of Phase
1 ) 1 ( T , 1 When
) 1 (
2
1
4 2
1
j such that stubs two the Choose
0
1
1 1 1
1
14
1 2
2
14
1
1
2
1
2 /
_
2
2 /
2
_
14
1 2
= = Au
= =
~ =
~ + = <<
+ ~
(

+ =
(
(
(

+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=

is
B B T
B B
B j j
B
B j j e
B
e
B
j T
B j B
j j
t t
t t
42
/4
P
P
d
d
1

A phase shifter using open circuited stubs spaced /4
Apart. P and P are switched into the circuit when the
Diodes are off and on, respectively.
43
2
1 1
2
3 3
2
01
1
2
01 3 1 01 4
01
2
01 0 01
2
01
2
01
01
02
2 1
and since ,
1
1
log 10 Coupling
1 and
1 and 1 ,
1
1
: or then
modes, odd and even both for D A , 0
decoupled is 2 port 0 , matched is 1 port 0
a P b P
Z
a Z b a Z j b
Z j Z T Z j Z T
B A
T
Z
Z
Z C B
D C B A
b b
e
o e
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =
= =
+
=

= =
= + = + = I = I
= =