CHAPTER 1

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INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE DESIGN TO EUROCODE

By: Masni A. Majid [email protected]

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Behavior of Reinforced Concrete

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RC is one of the principal materials use in many civil engineering application. Civil Eng. Application :
Construction of building, retaining walls, foundations, water retaining structures, highway and bridges.

It is a composite material, consisting of steel reinforcing bars embedded in a hardened concrete matrix. These two materials have complementary properties.
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Behavior of Reinforced Concrete

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Concrete : Highly in compressive strength but weak in tensile strength. Reinforcement (steel) : Highly in tensile strength but weak in compressive strength.

By providing steel bars in the zones within a concrete member which will subjected to tensile stresses, an economical structural material can be produced through its composite action.

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Behavior of Reinforced Concrete

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In addition, the concrete provides corrosion protection and fire resistance to the embedded steel reinforcing bars.

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Reinforced Concrete Element

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Slab

Beam
Column Staircase Foundation

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Code of Practice
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Document that gives recommendation for the design and construction of structures. It contains detailed requirement regarding actions, stresses, strengths, design principal and method of achieving the required performance of completed structure. The design procedures, described in this course conform to the following Eurocode (EC) published by European Committee for Standardization.

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Code of Practice
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EN 1990 Eurocode 0: EN 1991 Eurocode 1: EN 1992 Eurocode 2:

Basis of structural design Actions on structures Design of concrete structures

Eurocode 2 (EC2) applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete. EC2 comes in several parts as follows:
Eurocode 2

Title
General rules and rules for buildings
General rules Structural fire design

EN 1992 Part 1-1

EN 1992 Part 1-2

EN 1992 Part 2
EN 1992 Part 3

Concrete bridges design and detailing rules

Liquid retaining and containment structures

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Limit State
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The purpose of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that a structure will not become unfit for it intended use. That is, that it will not reach a limit state. At any way in which a structure may cease to be fit for use will constitute a limit state and the design aim is to avoid any such condition being reached during the expected life of the structure

There are two principal types of limit state: Ultimate limit state Serviceability limit state
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Limit State
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Design situations of limit state

Persistent Design situation during a period of the same order as he design working life of the structure. Represents normal use Design situation during a period much shorter than the design working life of the structure. e.g. during execution or repair Design situation involving exceptional conditions for structure. e.g. Fire, explosion, impact etc Design situation involving exceptional conditions for structure during seismic event.

Transient

Accidental Seismic

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Ultimate Limit State

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The conditions that structure must be able to withstand, with an adequate factor of safety of load for which it is designed to ensure the safety of the building occupants and structure itself against collapse, overturning or buckling. The ultimate limit state are divided into the following categories;
EQU STR GEO FAT Loss of equilibrium of the structure Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural members Failure due to excessive deformation of the ground Fatigue failure of the structure or structural members

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Ultimate Limit State

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For persistent and transient design situation under the STR limit state, the Eurocode defines three possible combination as follows;

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Serviceability Limit State

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Condition in which the structure is damaged and unsuitable for its intend purposes causing discomfort to the occupants. Generally the most important serviceability limit state are:
Deflection The appearance of efficiency of any part of the structure must not be adversely affected by deflections. Local damage due to cracking and spalling must not affect the appearance, efficiency or durability of the structure.

Cracking

Other limit states which may be reached included consideration of durability, vibration and fire resistance of structures.
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Characteristic Materials Strength

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The strength of materials upon which design is based is such strength below which results unlikely to fall. These are call characteristic strengths. It is assumed that for a given material, the variation of strength will have a normal distribution as shown in figure below.

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Characteristic Materials Strength

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The characteristic strength is taken as that value, below which it is unlikely that more than 5 % of the results will fails. Thus statistically,
Characteristic Strength fk = = Mean strength 1.64 (Standard deviation) fm 1.64s

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Concrete (Clause 3.1, EC2)

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The characteristic strength fck is the 28 days cylinder strength. Table below shows the characteristic cylinder strength of various classes of concrete recommended for use in reinforced and prestressed concrete design. Class C20/25, for example, refer to cylinder/cube strength of 20 N/mm2 and 25 N/mm2 respectively.

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Concrete (Clause 3.1, EC2)

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Concrete strength classes and MOE

Source: Table 3.1: MS EN 1992-1-1

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Reinforcing steel (Clause 3.2, EC2)

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The characteristic strength of steel reinforcement is denotes by fyk. Specified strength for high yield reinforcement given in EC2 is in the range of 400 600 N/mm2. The most commonly use in the UK is grade 500 and grade 250 plain bar is not now recognized and no longer available for general used in UK. High yield (H) bars may be classified as:
Class A : which is normally associated with small diameter ( 12 mm) Class B : which is most commonly used for reinforcing bars. Class C : high ductility which may be used in earthquake design.
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Partial Safety Factor

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Partial safety factor are importance value applied to the strength of materials and to the actions as to take into account the possible variation of constructional tolerance. The values adopted are based on experience and simplified calculation and considering the probability of reaching each limit state. Partial safety factor of materials (m)
Design situation Persistent & Transient Accidental m for concrete 1.5 1.2 m for reinforcing steel 1.15 1.0
Source: Table 2.1N: MS EN 1992-1-1

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Partial Safety Factor

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Partial safety factor of action, f

Design situation Permanent actions (Gk) Unfavourable Favourable Variable actions (Qk) Unfavourable Favourable

Ultimate limit state

Persistent & Transient

All

1.35

1.0

1.50

Serviceability limit state 1.0 1.0

Source: Table A1.2 & A1.4: MS EN 1990

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Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete

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Concrete used mostly in compression, it compressive stressstrain curve is of primary importance. Typical stress-strain curve of concrete is shown in figure below:

The curve is linear in very initial phase of loading. The curve then begin to curve to horizontal, reach the maximum stress at a strain of approximately 0.0020 and finally show a descending nature.

Source: Figure 3.2: MS EN 1992-1-1

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Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete

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For the design of cross-section, EC2 recommended the used of idealized stress-strain curve as shown in figure below:

The curve is begin with a parabolic portion up to a strain c2, from which point of the strain increase while the stress remain constant

Source: Figure 3.3: MS EN 1992-1-1

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Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete

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The ultimate design compressive stress are given by;

f ck 0.85 f ck 0.567 f ck mc 1.5

The coefficient 0.85 takes account of the difference between bending strength and the cylinder crushing strength of the concrete. The factor of 1.5 is the usual partial safety factor for the strength of concrete. The ultimate strain cu2 = 0.0035 is typical for classes of concrete C50/60.

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Stress-Strain Curve of Reinforcing Steel

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Steel is high tensile strength material. The typical stress-strain curve for hot rolled steel are shown in figure below:

Source: Figure 3.7(a): MS EN 1992-1-1

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Stress-Strain Curve of Reinforcing Steel

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For design purpose EC2 recommended the use of idealized curve shown in figure below:

Source: Figure 3.8: MS EN 1992-1-1

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Stress-Strain Curve of Reinforcing Steel

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The behavior of the steel is identical in tension and compression, being linear in the elastic range up to the design yield stress. Design yield tensile stress can be given as;
f yk

ms

f yk 1.15

0.87 f yk

Where; fyk = ms =

Characteristic yield stress Partial safety factor of reinforcing steel

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Actions
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Action is the EC2 terminology for loads and imposed deformations. The characteristic actions are the actual loads that the structure is designed to carry. These are normally thought of as a maximum loads which will not be exceeded during the life of structure. The characteristic actions used in design and defined in EC2 are as follows; Characteristic permanent action, Gk Characteristic variable action, Qk Characteristic wind action, Wk
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Characteristic Permanent Action, Gk

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Is the selfweight of the structure, weight of finishes, ceiling and services. Examples of weight of materials as given in EC1 are shown in table below.
Materials Lightweight concrete Normal weight concrete Cement mortar Wood Plywood Density (kN/m3) 9.0 20.0 24.0 25.0 19.0 23.0 3.5 10.8 4.5 7.0

Particle boards
Steel Water

7.0 12.0
77.0 78.5 10.0 Source: Table A1-A5: MS EN 1991-1-1

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Characteristic Variable Action, Qk

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Cause by people, furniture, equipment etc. Which variation in magnitude with time is considered. Example of variable action as given in EC1 are shown in table below:

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Characteristic Variable Action, Qk

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For each variable actions there are four representative values:

Characteristic value, (Qk) an upper value with an intended probability of not being exceeded or a lower value with an intended probability of being achieved, during some specific reference period Combination value, (oQk) value intended to take account of a reduced probability of the simultaneous occurrence of two or more variable actions. Frequent value, (1Qk) value such that it should be exceeded only for a short period of time and is used primarily for the serviceability limit states and also accidental limit state. Quasi-permanent value, (2Qk) value may be exceeded for a considerable period of time; alternatively it may be considered as an average loading over time. I is used for a long term affects at the SLS and also accidental and seismic ULS.
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Characteristic Variable Action, Qk

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Recommended values for action for building

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Design Action
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In order to account for variation in Loads due to: Errors in the analysis and Design Constructional inaccuracies Possible load increases The characteristic loads Fk (Gk,Qk,Wk) are multiplied by the appropriate partial safety factor for loads f to give the design action acting on the structure.
Fd Fk f

Value of f are given in EN 1990: Annex A1

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Structural Design Process

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The first function in design is the planning carried out by the architect to determine the arrangement and layout of the building to meet the clients requirements. The structural engineer then determines the best structural system or forms to bring the architects concept into being. Construction in different materials and with different arrangements and systems may require investigation to determine the most economical answer. Architect and engineer should work together at this conceptual design stage.

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Structural Design Process

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Once the building form and structural arrangement have been finalized the design problem consists of the following: idealization of the structure into loadbearing frames and elements for analysis and design estimation of actions analysis to determine the maximum moments and shears for design design of sections and reinforcement arrangements for slabs, beams, columns and foundations using the results from above production of arrangement and detail drawings and bar schedules
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