Power Output

of Engine
As a result of expansion of the gas, a part of
the heat energy contained in the gas is
converted to mechanical work and this work
is available on the piston. The net work
available on the piston can be measured by
the pressure volume relation of the gas per
cycle. This work is called the indicated output
of the engine (because the area of pressure
volume diagram or indicator diagram gives
the magnitude of this work)
The full amount of work available on piston
will not be available at output shaft of the
engine. A part of it will be spent in
overcoming mechanical losses. The
mechanical losses include loss due to friction
between piston rings and the cylinder, the
loss due to friction at different bearing
surfaces, power to drive auxiliaries such as oil
pump, water pump, cooling fan, and
supercharger (in supercharged engines) etc.
Indicated Output
.
Indicated Output of Four
Stroke Cycle Engine at Rated
Conditions
The indicated output of an
engine depends mainly on:
*the heat of combustion
*the indicated thermal
efficiency of the engine
under working conditions
Fuel input can be obtained if
the fuel air ratio and the
weight of fresh charge (or
air) supplied to the engine is
known
The weight of fresh charge supplied
per minute is obtained from:
*cylinder size
*r.p.m.
*inlet conditions
*volumetric or charge efficiency
Fuel air ratio at rated conditions varies
with the type of engine (petrol or diesel).
Indicated thermal efficiency depends on
fuel air ratio when optimum ignition
timing or injection timing is used.
It also changes with the cycle of
operation of the engine.
For an engine the weight
of charge per cycle is






inl a
inl
dis v a
T R
p
V G =q
Heat of combustion
of fuel put per
minute=


c a
Q F n G
'
The indicated output N
in







kW Q F n
T R
p
V N
units I S
p h Q F n
T R
p
V N
in c
inl a
inl
v dis in
in c
inl a
inl
v dis in
60
1
. .
.
4500
427
'
'
=
=
q q
q q
Where
p
inl
= inlet pressure of charge, usually
atmospheric pressure, for both gasoline and
diesel engines
R
a
= Characteristic gas constant for air
T
inl
= Inlet temperature of charge, usually
atmospheric temperature for both gasoline
and diesel engines

in
=indicated thermal efficiency of the engine
for given fuel air ratio F (by weight)

Q
c
= Lower heat of combustion of fuel

v
=volumetric efficiency of the engine
V
dis
=displacement volume per cycle
n=Number of working cycles per minute
n=(n/2) for four stroke engine running at n r.p.m.
F=fuel air ratio by weight
In case of multi-cylinder engine
having I number of cylinders of
identical size, the indicated output
of the engine is I times the output
of the single cylinder engine
provided the fuel air ratio is the
same in all the cylinders.
Indicated mean effective pressure
of the engine=





cycle per volume nt Displaceme
cycle per done Work
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
Indicated mean effective pressure





( )
( )
2
2
4
/
1000
1
. .
.... . ..
/
10
427
. .
m MN Q F
T R
p
p e m
units I S in
cm kg Q F
T R
p
p e m
in c
inl a
inl
v in
in c
inl a
inl
v in
=
=
q q
q q
Indicated Thermal
Efficiency
In order to determine the indicated output
of an engine analytically the indicated
thermal efficiency of the engine under
operating conditions must be known. The
ratio of efficiency of an actual engine to
that of theoretical air cycle having the
same compression ratio and amount of
heat added per cycle is used to evaluate
the indicated thermal efficiency of the
engine
This method has the following
limitation:
* the theoretical cycle does not take
the effects of fuel air ratio F, and
composition of working medium
which affect the indicated thermal
efficiency of actual engine to a large
extent
The limitation can be
overcome if the
indicated thermal
efficiency of a
theoretical fuel air cycle
is taken
This cycle however does not
take into account the heat
losses during compression,
combustion and expansion
process.
The indicated thermal efficiency of
a fuel air cycle may be multiplied by
a correction factor to take into
account the effects of these losses.
The correction factor is:
~0.88-0.90 for petrol engines
~0.85-0.88 for diesel engines
Volumetric Efficiency
The values of volumetric efficiency
or scavenging efficiency have to be
determined experimentally on
similar types of engines at rated
load and speed and operating
under identical conditions.
Indicated Specific Fuel
Consumption
Indicated specific fuel
consumption can be found when
the indicated power of the engine
and the weight of fuel used per
unit time is known (from tests)
Indicated specific fuel
consumption







( )
in c
in
in
f
in
sf c Q
KWhr kg
N
G
sf c

=
3600
/
3600
) (
'
q
Brake Output
The power which is available at the
output shaft of an engine and which
can be utilized for doing external work
is called the brake output of the
engine. This power is less than the
indicated power by the amount
required to overcome all mechanical
losses in the engine.
Method of Calculation
of Brake Output at
Rated Conditions

Mean effective pressure (that
is, the power per unit
displacement volume) is
commonly used to represent
different forms of power of an
engine like indicated and brake
power.
Similarly the mechanical losses of
the engine can be expressed as
(mep)
mech
the relation between these mean
effective pressures is as follows:
.
(mep)
br
= (mep)
in
(mep)
mech


Determination of
mechanical losses
(mep)
mech
:
.
a) By measurement of
indicated and brake
power of similar engines
at identical working
conditions.
b) Motoring Method
c) The mechanical mep can
also be measured in case of
multi-cylinder engine by
consecutively shutting off
the cylinders
Brake Thermal
Efficiency
.
Brake Specific Fuel
Consumption
Brake thermal efficiency
gives the degree of
utilization of heat supplied
to an engine in producing
effective output or brake
output
Brake thermal efficiency is
defined as the ratio of
brake output per cycle to
the heat energy supplied
to the engine per cycle.
Brake specific fuel
consumption is also
defined as the weight (or
mass) of fuel used to
produce unit brake output
per unit time.
Brake thermal efficiency







c inl v
in mech
br
in mech br
in mech br
c a
in
in
c a
br
br
Q F
mep
W W
Q F G
W
Q F G
W


=
=
=

=

=
q
q
q
q q q
q
q
q
) ( 1000
'
'
Brake specific fuel consumption
hr kW kg
mep
F
sf c
Q
sf c
br
inl v
br
c br
br

=
/
) ( 1000
3600
) (
3600
) (
q
q
Factors
Influencing
Output of the
Engine
1) Compression Ratio
2) Engine Design
3) Fuel Air Ratio
4) Speed
5) Supercharging
Examples
Example 1.
A four cylinder four stroke petrol
engine has a bore of 10 cm and a
stroke of 11 cm and it develops 100
b.h.p. at 3500 rpm when using a fuel
air mixture 15% rich in fuel. The fuel
composition is C-0.84 and H
2
-0.16 by
weight (~C8H17) and its lower heating
value is 41870 KJ/kg.
Assume volumetric efficiency of
0.85 at 0.1 MN/m2 and 25 C
and mechanical efficiency of
0.8. Calculate the indicated
thermal efficiency and the
brake specific fuel consumption
of the engine. Air contains
0.233 kg of O
2
per kg of air.


Displacement Volume








cycle cylinder m V
V
h r V
d
d
d
/ / 000864 . 0
100
11
100
5
100
5
3
2
=
=
=
t
t
Air density





3
4
/ 18 . 1
) 273 25 ( 3 . 29
10 03 . 1
m kg
a
=
+

=
Displacement volume /sec





sec / 101 . 0
4
60 2
3500
000864 . 0
3
m V
V
dis
dis
=

=
Mass of air/kg of fuel
(chemically correct mixture)






2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
.. 84 . 0
12
44
.. 84 . 0
12
32
.. 84 . 0 1
..
12
44
..
12
32
.. 1
.. 44 .. 32 .. 12
.. / 1 . 15
3 . 23
100
2
16
16 . 0
12
32
84 . 0
CO kg O kg C kg
CO kg O kg C kg
CO kg O kg C kg
CO O C
Note
f uel kg kg m
airstoich
+
+
+
+
=
(

+ =
H2+1/2 O2-----H2O
2 +1/2 *32
1+ *1/2 *32
0.16*1 + 8*.16

Mass of fuel/sec
(15%rich mixture)




( )
sec / 00775 . 0
1 . 15
15 . 1 85 . 0 18 . 1 101 . 0
/
.. 1
kg m
m
m m
fuel excess
V m
f
f
stoi
f a
v a dis f
=

=
+
= q
Indicated thermal
efficiency




284 . 0
41870 00775 . 0 8 . 0
1 75 100
=


=

=
=
in
in
c mech
br
in
mech in brake
Q
W
q
q
q
q
q q q
Specific fuel consumption






( )
( )
( ) hr kW kg sfc
hr bhp kg sfc
sfc
br
br
br
=
=

=
/ 381 . 0
/ 28 . 0
100
60 60 00775 . 0
Example 2
An engine can burn 0.07 kg of fuel of heat of
combustion (lower value) 11000 kcal/kg (45000
KJ/kg) for each kg of air taken into cylinder. How
many kg of air per minute must be used for an
output of 100 bhp at an overall efficiency of 0.25?
How many m
3
of air are required per minute if air is
at 0.1 MN/m2 and 15C ?if the fuel vapor has a
density four times that of air how many m3 of
mixture per minute per minute are required?

Heat of combustion/kg of air

kJ kcal
kJ kcal
3150 770
45000 07 . 0 11000 07 . 0
= =
= =
Weight of air




min / 6 . 5
25 . 0 770 427
60 75 100
kg =


=
Volume of air at 1 atm and 15 C
3
4
34 . 4
10 03 . 1
288 3 . 29 6 . 5
m =


=
Volume of vapor at 1 atm and 15 C

3
1
4
08 . 0
)
288 3 . 29
10 03 . 1
(
4
6 . 5 07 . 0
m =

=

Total volume of mixture

min / 42 . 4
08 . 0 34 . 4
3
m =
+ =
Example 3.
A 8cm x 8.8cm automobile engine with six cylinders
has a clearance volume of 16.6 % of displacement
volume and brake thermal efficiency 0.55 of the air
cycle efficiency. Calculate the power which the
engine can develop running at 4000 rpm if at the
end of each suction stroke the cylinders are filled
with a petrol air and burnt gas mixture having a
heating value of 520kcl/m3 (2180 kJ/m3). Calculate
the brake specific fuel consumption of this engine?
Note that

Petrol has a lower heating value of
10500 kcal/kg ( 44000kJ/kg)
V
dis
per cylinder per cycle





V
Cylinder
per cylinder per cycle



3
2
2
000443 . 0
100
8 . 8
100
8
4
4
m
S d
=

|
.
|

\
|
=
=
t
t
( )
3
2
2
000517 . 0
100
6 . 16 100
100
8 . 8
100
8
4
% 1
4
m
clearance S d
=
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
t
t
Volume of mixture per sec







sec / 1034 . 0
6
60 2
4000
000517 . 0
3
m =

=
Thermal efficiency




54 . 0
7
1
1
166 .
166 . 1
1
1
1
1
4 . 0
1 4 . 1
1
1
2
=
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

thermal
thermal
thermal
thermal
v
v
q
q
q
q



Brake thermal efficiency

297 . 0
55 . 0 54 . 0
=
=
brake
brake
q
q
( )
( )
( ) hr kW kg c f s
hr bhp kg c f s
c f s
hp N
N
Q V N
brake
brake
brake
brake
brake
brake
=
=


=
=
=
=
/ 278 . 0 . . .
/ 205 . 0 . . .
91 10520
60 60 520 1034 . 0
. . .
. 91
75
427
297 . 0 520 1034 . 0
q