Chapter 32

Inductance
Some Terminology
 Use emf and current when they are
caused by batteries or other sources
 Use induced emf and induced current
when they are caused by changing
magnetic fields
 When dealing with problems in
electromagnetism, it is important to
distinguish between the two situations
Self-Inductance
 When the switch is
closed, the current
does not
immediately reach
its maximum value
 Faraday’s law can
be used to describe
the effect
Self-Inductance, 2
 As the current increases with time, the
magnetic flux through the circuit loop
due to this current also increases with
time
 This corresponding flux due to this
current also increases
 This increasing flux creates an induced
emf in the circuit
Self-Inductance, 3
 The direction of the induced emf is such that
it would cause an induced current in the loop
which would establish a magnetic field
opposing the change in the original magnetic
field
 The direction of the induced emf is opposite
the direction of the emf of the battery
 This results in a gradual increase in the
current to its final equilibrium value
Self-Inductance, 4
 This effect is called self-inductance
 Because the changing flux through the
circuit and the resultant induced emf arise
from the circuit itself
 The emf εL is called a self-induced
emf
Self-Inductance, Coil Example

 A current in the coil produces a magnetic field

directed toward the left (a)
 If the current increases, the increasing flux creates an
induced emf of the polarity shown (b)
 The polarity of the induced emf reverses if the current
decreases (c)
Self-Inductance, Equations
 A induced emf is always proportional to
the time rate of change of the current
dI
εL   L
dt
 L is a constant of proportionality called
the inductance of the coil and it
depends on the geometry of the coil
and other physical characteristics
Inductance of a Coil
 A closely spaced coil of N turns carrying
current I has an inductance of
Nε B
L  L
I d I dt
 The inductance is a measure of the
opposition to a change in current
Inductance Units
 The SI unit of
inductance is the
henry (H)
V ⋅s
1H = 1
A
 Named for Joseph
Henry (pictured
here)
Inductance of a Solenoid
 Assume a uniformly wound solenoid
having N turns and length ℓ
 Assume ℓ is much greater than the radius
of the solenoid
 The interior magnetic field is
N
Bμ n o I μ o I
l
Inductance of a Solenoid, cont
 The magnetic flux through each turn is
NA
 B  BAμ o I
l
 Therefore, the inductance is
 BN A o
Nμ 2
L 
I l
 This shows that L depends on the
geometry of the object
RL Circuit, Introduction
 A circuit element that has a large self-
inductance is called an inductor
 The circuit symbol is
 We assume the self-inductance of the
rest of the circuit is negligible compared
to the inductor
 However, even without a coil, a circuit will
have some self-inductance
Effect of an Inductor in a
Circuit
 The inductance results in a back emf
 Therefore, the inductor in a circuit
opposes changes in current in that
circuit
 RL Circuit, Analysis
 An RL circuit contains an
inductor and a resistor
 When the switch is closed
(at time t = 0), the current
begins to increase
 At the same time, a back
emf is induced in the
inductor that opposes the
original increasing current
Active Figure 32.3

(SLIDESHOW MODE ONLY)

RL Circuit, Analysis, cont.
 Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the
previous circuit gives
dI
ε IR L 0
dt
 Looking at the current, we find
ε
I   1  e Rt L 
R
RL Circuit, Analysis, Final
 The inductor affects the current
exponentially
 The current does not instantly increase
to its final equilibrium value
 If there is no inductor, the exponential
term goes to zero and the current would
instantaneously reach its maximum
value as expected
RL Circuit, Time Constant
 The expression for the current can also be
expressed in terms of the time constant, τ, of
the circuit
ε
I   1  e tτ 
R
 where τ = L / R
 Physically, τ is the time required for the
current to reach 63.2% of its maximum value
 RL Circuit, Current-Time
Graph, (1)
 The equilibrium value
of the current is ε /R
and is reached as t
approaches infinity
 The current initially
increases very
rapidly
 The current then
gradually approaches
the equilibrium value
RL Circuit, Current-Time
Graph, (2)
 The time rate of
change of the
current is a
maximum at t = 0
 It falls off
exponentially as t
approaches infinity
 In general,
dεI
 e tτ
dt L
Active Figure 32.6

(SLIDESHOW MODE ONLY)

Energy in a Magnetic Field
 In a circuit with an inductor, the battery
must supply more energy than in a
circuit without an inductor
 Part of the energy supplied by the
battery appears as internal energy in
the resistor
 The remaining energy is stored in the
magnetic field of the inductor
Energy in a Magnetic Field,
cont.
 Looking at this energy (in terms of rate)
dI
Iε  I RLI
2

dt
 Iε is the rate at which energy is being
supplied by the battery
 I2R is the rate at which the energy is being
delivered to the resistor
 Therefore, LI dI/dt must be the rate at which
the energy is being stored in the magnetic
field
Energy in a Magnetic Field,
final
 Let U denote the energy stored in the
inductor at any time
 The rate at which the energy is stored is
dU dI
LI
dt dt
 To find the total energy, integrate and
I
U  L I d I
0
Energy Density of a Magnetic
Field
 Given U = ½ L I 2
2
1  B  B2
Uμ n Ao 2
l  A l
2  μo n  2 μo

 Since Aℓ is the volume of the solenoid, the

magnetic energy density, uB is
U B2
uB  
l 2 o
Aμ
 This applies to any region in which a magnetic
field exists (not just the solenoid)
 Example: The Coaxial Cable
 Calculate L for the cable
 The total flux is
b μo I μo I l  b 
 B   B dA   l dr  ln  
a 2πr 2π  a
 Therefore, L is
 B μo l  b 
L  ln  
I 2π  a 
 The total energy is
1 2 μo l I 2  b 
U  LI  ln  
2 4π  a
Mutual Inductance
 The magnetic flux through the area
enclosed by a circuit often varies with
time because of time-varying currents in
nearby circuits
 This process is known as mutual
induction because it depends on the
interaction of two circuits
Mutual Inductance, 2
 The current in coil 1
sets up a magnetic
field
 Some of the
magnetic field lines
pass through coil 2
 Coil 1 has a current
I1 and N1 turns
 Coil 2 has N2 turns
Mutual Inductance, 3
 The mutual inductance M12 of coil 2
with respect to coil 1 is
N212
M12 
I1
 Mutual inductance depends on the
geometry of both circuits and on their
orientation with respect to each other
Induced emf in Mutual
Inductance
 If current I1 varies with time, the emf
induced by coil 1 in coil 2 is
d 12 d I1
ε 2   N2  M12
dt dt
 If the current is in coil 2, there is a
mutual inductance M21
 If current 2 varies with time, the emf
induced by coil 2 in coil 1 is
d I2
ε1  M21
dt
Mutual Inductance, Final
 In mutual induction, the emf induced in one
coil is always proportional to the rate at which
the current in the other coil is changing
 The mutual inductance in one coil is equal to
the mutual inductance in the other coil
 M12 = M21 = M
 The induced emf’s can be expressed as
d I2 d I1
ε1  M and ε2  M
dt dt
 LC Circuits
 A capacitor is
connected to an
inductor in an LC
circuit
 Assume the capacitor
is initially charged and
then the switch is
closed
 Assume no resistance
and no energy losses
to radiation
Oscillations in an LC Circuit
 Under the previous conditions, the current in
the circuit and the charge on the capacitor
oscillate between maximum positive and
negative values
 With zero resistance, no energy is
transformed into internal energy
 Ideally, the oscillations in the circuit persist
indefinitely
 The idealizations are no resistance and no
radiation
Oscillations in an LC Circuit, 2
 The capacitor is fully charged
 The energy U in the circuit is stored in the
electric field of the capacitor
 The energy is equal to Q2max / 2C
 The current in the circuit is zero
 No energy is stored in the inductor
 The switch is closed
Oscillations in an LC Circuit, 3
 The current is equal to the rate at which
the charge changes on the capacitor
 As the capacitor discharges, the energy
stored in the electric field decreases
 Since there is now a current, some energy
is stored in the magnetic field of the
inductor
 Energy is transferred from the electric field
to the magnetic field
Oscillations in an LC Circuit, 4
 The capacitor becomes fully discharged
 It stores no energy
 All of the energy is stored in the magnetic
field of the inductor
 The current reaches its maximum value
 The current now decreases in
magnitude, recharging the capacitor
with its plates having opposite their
initial polarity
Oscillations in an LC Circuit,
final
 Eventually the capacitor becomes fully
charged and the cycle repeats
 The energy continues to oscillate
between the inductor and the capacitor
 The total energy stored in the LC circuit
remains constant in time and equals
2
Q 1 2
U  UC  UL   LI
2C 2
LC Circuit Analogy to Spring-
Mass System, 1

 The potential energy ½kx2 stored in the spring is

analogous to the electric potential energy ½C(∆Vmax)2
stored in the capacitor
 All the energy is stored in the capacitor at t = 0
 This is analogous to the spring stretched to its
amplitude
LC Circuit Analogy to Spring-
Mass System, 2

 The kinetic energy (½ mv2) of the spring is analogous

to the magnetic energy (½ L I 2) stored in the
inductor
 At t = ¼ T, all the energy is stored as magnetic
energy in the inductor
 The maximum current occurs in the circuit
 This is analogous to the mass at equilibrium
LC Circuit Analogy to Spring-
Mass System, 3

 At t = ½ T, the energy in the circuit is

completely stored in the capacitor
 The polarity of the capacitor is reversed
 This is analogous to the spring stretched to -A
LC Circuit Analogy to Spring-
Mass System, 4

 At t = ¾ T, the energy is again stored in the

magnetic field of the inductor
 This is analogous to the mass again reaching
the equilibrium position
LC Circuit Analogy to Spring-
Mass System, 5

 At t = T, the cycle is completed

 The conditions return to those identical to the initial
conditions
 At other points in the cycle, energy is shared between
the electric and magnetic fields
Active Figure 32.17

(SLIDESHOW MODE ONLY)

Time Functions of an LC
Circuit
 In an LC circuit, charge can be expressed as
a function of time
 Q = Qmax cos (ωt + φ)
 This is for an ideal LC circuit
 The angular frequency, ω, of the circuit
depends on the inductance and the
capacitance
 It is the natural frequency of oscillation of the
circuit
ω 1
LC
Time Functions of an LC
Circuit, 2
 The current can be expressed as a
function of time
dQ
I  ωQmax sin( ωt  φ )
dt
 The total energy can be expressed as a
function of time
2
Qmax 1 2
U  UC  Uωt
L  L cos 2
ωt I max sin 2
2c 2
 Charge and Current in an LC
Circuit
 The charge on the
capacitor oscillates
between Qmax and
-Qmax
 The current in the
inductor oscillates
between Imax and -Imax
 Q and I are 90o out of
phase with each other
 So when Q is a maximum, I
is zero, etc.
Energy in an LC Circuit –
Graphs
 The energy
continually oscillates
between the energy
stored in the electric
and magnetic fields
 When the total
energy is stored in
one field, the energy
stored in the other
field is zero
Notes About Real LC Circuits
 In actual circuits, there is always some
resistance
 Therefore, there is some energy transformed
to internal energy
 Radiation is also inevitable in this type of
circuit
 The total energy in the circuit continuously
decreases as a result of these processes
The RLC Circuit
 A circuit containing a
resistor, an inductor
and a capacitor is
called an RLC
Circuit
 Assume the resistor
represents the total
resistance of the
circuit
Active Figure 32.21

(SLIDESHOW MODE ONLY)

RLC Circuit, Analysis
 The total energy is not constant, since
there is a transformation to internal
energy in the resistor at the rate of
dU/dt = -I 2R
 Radiation losses are still ignored
 The circuit’s operation can be
expressed as
d 2Q dQ Q
L 2 R  0
dt dt C
RLC Circuit Compared to
Damped Oscillators
 The RLC circuit is analogous to a
damped harmonic oscillator
 When R = 0
 The circuit reduces to an LC circuit and is
equivalent to no damping in a mechanical
oscillator
RLC Circuit Compared to
Damped Oscillators, cont.
 When R is small:
 The RLC circuit is analogous to light
damping in a mechanical oscillator
 Q = Qmax e-Rt/2L cos ωdt
 ωd is the angular frequency of oscillation
for the circuit and
1
 1  R   2 2

ωd    
 LC  2L  
RLC Circuit Compared to
Damped Oscillators, final
 When R is very large, the oscillations damp
out very rapidly
 There is a critical value of R above which no
oscillations occur
RC  4L / C
 If R = RC, the circuit is said to be critically
damped
 When R > RC, the circuit is said to be
overdamped
Damped RLC Circuit, Graph
 The maximum value
of Q decreases after
each oscillation
 R < RC
 This is analogous to
the amplitude of a
damped spring-
mass system
Overdamped RLC Circuit,
Graph
 The oscillations
damp out very
rapidly
 Values of R are
greater than RC