The Skeletal System

by:
Jasper C. Pilongo, M.D.
What is the purpose of a skeleton?
 1. SUPPORTS the body and gives it shape.
 2. PROTECTION of internal organs.
 3. MOVEMENT of the body.
 4. STORAGE of calcium and phosphorus.
 5. PRODUCTION of red blood cells in the bone

marrow.
 6. SOUND TRANSDUCTION Mechanical
aspect of overshadowed hearing
 TYPES OF SKELETONS
 Animals can have…
 NO SKELETON

 EXOSKELETON (external skeleton)

 ENDOSKELTON (internal skeleton)

Subdivisions of the Skeletal System:
 Axial Skeleton
Forms the longitudinal axis

 Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the limbs and girdles
 The Skeletal System
 Bones
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments
 Tendons
Bones
Bones are rigid organs that form part of
the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They
function to move, support, and protect the
various organs of the body, produce red
and white blood cells and store minerals.
Bone tissue is a type of dense connective
tissue
Joints
A joint is the location at which two or
more bones make contact. They are
constructed to allow movement and
provide mechanical support, and are
classified structurally and functionally.
Cartilages
is a type of dense connective tissue existing
within many joints. It is composed of
specialized cells called chondrocytes that
produce a large amount of
extracellular matrix composed of collagen
fibers, abundant ground substance rich in
proteoglycan, and elastin fibers.
Ligaments
Fibrous tissue that connects bones to
other bones.
They are sometimes called "articular
ligaments", "fibrous ligaments", or "true
ligaments“.
Tendons
is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue
that usually connects muscle to bone
Classification of Bones
 206 bones
 2 basic types bone tissue

Compact bones

Spongy bones
Classification of Bones
 According to Shape
ii. long
iii. short
iv. flat
v. irregular
Must Know!!!
 Sesamoid bone
Structure of long bones
Microscopic Anatomy
 Osteocytes
 Lacunae
 Lamella
 Haversian Canal
 Canaliculi
 Volkmann’s Canal
Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
 Bone Formation, Growth and
Remodeling
 Embryo – hyaline cartilage > bone

 Young child – hyaline cartilage < bone

 Adult – hyaline cartilage << bone

 Bone Formation, Growth and
Remodeling
Hyaline Cartilage
covered with bone matrix by osteoblasts.

Digestion of hyaline cartilage

Formation of medullary cavity

 Bone Formation, Growth and
Remodeling
Spared regions involves the articular and
epiphyseal plates

Osteoblasts acts on the outside

Osteoclasts in the inside

Appositional growth
Bone Formation, Growth and
Remodeling
Bone Formation, Growth and
Remodeling
Axial Skeleton
80 bones
Axial Skeleton
Cranial Bones

Parietal (2)

Temporal (2)

Frontal (1)

Occipital (1)

Ethmoid (1)

Sphenoid (1)
Axial Skeleton
 Skull – cranium + facial bones
 Mandible – freely movable joint, the rest are
immovable joined by sutures
 Cranium – made up of 8 large flat bones;
All are single except for parietal and temporal bones
 Facial Bones – holds the eyes, attachment
for facial muscles
Frontal bone
 Forms the:
 forehead
 bony projections under

the eyebrows
 superior part of the

eye’s orbit
Parietal bone
 Paired
 Sagittal suture
 Coronal suture
Temporal bone
 Inferior to parietal
bone
 Squamous suture
Temporal bone
 External auditory
meatus
 Styloid process
 Zygomatic process
 Mastoid
 Jugular foramen
Occipital bone

 Lambdoid suture
 Foramen magnum
 Occipital condyles
Sphenoid bone
 Sella turcica
 Foramen ovale
 Optic canal
 Superior orbital
fissure
 Sphenoid sinuses
Sutures
Axial Skeleton
Facial Bones

Maxilla (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Mandible (1)
Nasal (2)
Platine (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Vomer (1)
Axial Skeleton (skull)
Auditory Ossicles

Malleus (2)

Incus (2)

Stapes (2)
Axial Skeleton (skull)
 Hyoid
Axial Skeleton ( vertebral column )

Cervical vertebrae (7)

Thoracic vertebrae (12)

Lumbar vertebrae (5)

Sacrum (1) 5 fused

Coccyx (1) 4 fused

vertebral column
 Primary curvature
 Thoracic
 Sacral

 Secondary
curvature
 Cervical
 Lumbar
vertebral column
 Common 5
features 2a
2

1. Body 4
2. Vertebral arch
a. Pedicle 6
b. Laminae
3. Vertebral foramen 2b
4. Transverse process 3
5. Spinous process 1

6. Superior articular process

vertebral column
 Superior and Inferior
articular processes
Cervical Vertebrae
 C1 – C7 ( atypical )
 C1 no body
 C2 w/ odontoid process
 C3 – C7 ( typical )
 Smallest lightest vertebrae
 Short / Divided spinous
process
 With vertebral foramina
Thoracic vertebrae
 T1 – T12 all typical
 Larger
 Heart-shaped body
 Has 2 costal facets
 Long hooked
spinous process
Lumbar vertebrae
 L1– L5 massive
blocklike bodies

 Shorthatchet
spinous process

 Sturdiest vertebrae
Sacrum
 Fusion of 5 vertebrae
 Alae
 Median sacral crest
 Fused spinal process
 Sacral canal
 Sacral meatus
Coccyx
 Fusion of 3 – 5 tiny
irregular vertebrae

 Human “tail bone”

Axial Skeleton (Thoracic Cage)

Sternum (1)

Ribs (24)
Sternum
 Breast bone
 Manubrium
 Body

 Xiphoid process

 Jugular notch
 Sternal notch
 Xiphisternal joint
Ribs
 12 pairs
 Articulate posteriorly
 Curve downward and toward the anterior body
surface
 True Ribs
 1st 7 pairs has direct anterior attachment
 False Ribs
 Next 5 pairs indirectly attach or no attachment at all
Ribs
1 - Manubrium
2 - Sternum
3 - True Ribs
4 - False Ribs
5 - Floating Ribs
6 - Xiphoid process
7 - Vertebrae
Surface landmarks
 Clavicle
 Lung apices
 Sternal notch T4 & T5
 arch of the aorta
 Bifurcation of the
trachea
 Nipple
 Apex of the heart LV
Surface landmarks
Surface landmarks
Surface landmarks
Surface landmarks
Appendicular
Skeleton
126 bones
 Appendicular Skeleton

Clavicle (2)
Pectoral girdles
Scapula (2)
Clavicle “Collar bone”
 Attachments :
 Medial – manubrium
 Laterally – scapula
 Acromial end –
shoulder joint
 Strut bar
 Prevents shoulder
dislocation
Scapula “Shoulder blade or wings”
 Acromion process
 Coracoid process
 Acromioclavicular
joint
 Suprascapular
notch
 Glenoid cavity
 Free movement factors of the
shoulder joint:
 Attaches to axial skeleton at only ONE point

 Loose
attachment for back and forth
movement

 Shallowand poorly ligament enforced

Glenoid cavity
Appendicular Skeleton
Humerus (2)

Radius (2)

Ulna (2)
Upper Extremity
Carpals (16)

Metacarpals (10)

Phalanges (28)
Upper Extremities
Arm or Humerus
 Greater and lesser
tubercles
 Deltoid tuberosity
 Radial groove
 Trochlea
 Capitulum
 Coronoid fossa
 Medial / lateral
epicondyle
Forearm radius / ulna
 Radius – lateral
 Radioulnar joint
 Interosseous
membrane
 Styloid process
 Radial tuberosity
Forearm radius / ulna
 Ulna – medial
 Coronoid process
 Olecranon process
 Trochlear notch
Hand
 Carpal
 Proximal SLTP
 Distal TTCH

 Metacarpal
 knuckles
 Analogy
 Scared Lovers Tried Positions
 That They Cannot Handle

 Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform

 Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
 Appendicular Skeleton

Coxal, innominate
Pelvic Girdle
or hip bones (2)
Pelvic girdle
 Formed by two coxal bones
 Fusion of Sacrum & Coccyx = Bony Pelvis
 Ilium + Ischium + Pubis = Hip Bones
 Attached securely to the Axial Skeleton
 Weight bearing bone – pelvis
 Houses and Protects:
 Reproductive organ, bladder, urinary bladder
and part of large intestines
Ilium
 Large flat flarring
bone
 Alae
 Sacroiliac joint
 Posterior attachment
Ischium
 Sit-down bone
 Forms the inferior
part of coxal bone
 Ischial tuberosity
 Ischial spine
 Greater sciatic notch
Pubis
 Most anterior part of
the coxal bone
 Obturator foramen
 Fusion of rami of the
pubis anteriorly and
the ischium
posteriorly
 Symphysis pubis
Acetabulum
 Socket formed by
the fusion of ilium,
ischium, and pubis
 Receives the head
of the femur
Appendicular Skeleton
Femur (2)

Tibia (2)

Fibula (2)

Lower Extremity Patella (2)

Tarsals (14)

Metatarsals (10)

Phalanges (28)
 True Pelvis vs False Pelvis
False pelvis- is superior to the true pelvis; the
area medial to the flaring portion of the ilia

True pelvis – lies inferior to the flaring part of

the ilia and the pelvic brim.
True pelvis
Obstetric conjugate
Obstetrics
 Birth passage – 3 sections of “true
pelvis” – inlet, pelvic cavity (midpelvis), &
outlet.
 Four classifications :
 gynecoid , android, anthropoid, & platypelloid.
Birth Passage
 Dimensions of the
cavity
 Inlet
 Midpelvis
 Outlet
Lower Extremities
Femur
 Heaviest & strongest bone of the body
 Head articulates with the acetabulum
 Brings the knees inline with the center of
gravity
Femur
 Greater trochanter
 Lesser trochanter
 Intertrochanteric line
 Intertrochanteric crest
 Gluteal tuberosity
 Lateral / medial condyles
 Intercondylar fossa
 Pattelar surface
Leg
 Tibia
 Larger & Medial
 Medial / Lateral
condyles
 Tibial tuberosity
 Medial malleolus
 Anterior border
Leg
 Fibula
 Smaller
 Lateral
 Lateral malleolus
Foot
 Tarsals
 7 tarsal bones
 Calcaneus
 Talus
 Metatarsals
 5 metatarsal bones
 Phallanges
 14 bones
Foot
 3 Arches
 Medial longitudinal a
 Lateral longitudinal a
 Transverse arch
Arches of the foot
Joints
JOINTS – Areas of the body where
two or more bones meet.
BONE

CARTILAGE – Strong,
flexible tissue found in joints.

LIGAMENTS – Tissue
connecting bone to bone.

MUSCLE

TENDON – Tissue
connecting muscle to bone.
 TYPES OF JOINTS
 Ball and Socket Joint: Joint with the widest
range of motion.

EXAMPLES: Hip and Shoulder

 Ball and socket joint
 The spherical end of a bone fits to a round
socket of another bone
 Multiaxial joint movement with rotation
 Most freely moving synovial joint
 Ex: Hips and shoulder
 TYPES OF JOINTS
 Pivot Joint: Joint with a wide range of
motion (the rotation of one bone around
another).
 Pivot joint
 The Rounded end fits into a sleeve or ring
of a bone
 Uniaxial joint – movement on its axis
 Ex: Radioulnar joint, neck
 TYPES OF JOINTS
 Gliding Joint: Joint with a large range of
motion (up/down and side/side).

EXAMPLES: Ankle and Wrist

 Gliding Joint
 Plane joint
 Flat articular surface
 Gliding movement
 Nonaxial
 Ex: intercarpal joints wrist and intertarsal
joints of the foot and ankle
 TYPES OF JOINTS
 Hinge Joint: Joint with limited motion
(up/down).

EXAMPLES: Knee and Elbow

 Hinge
 Cylindrical end fits to a trough-shaped
surface
 Angular movement
 Uniaxial
 Ex: Elbow, ankle, interphallangeal joint
 TYPES OF JOINTS
 Condyloid: biaxial joints
 Condyloid
 Knuckle egg shaped articular surface
 Cannot rotate on its own axis
 Movement :
 Side to side
 Back and forth
 TYPES OF JOINTS
 Fuse or Immoveable Joint: Joint with no
range of motion.

EXAMPLE: Cranium

Fused Joints
Developmental Aspects
 Fontanels
 brain growth

 Ease of passage

 C-shaped vertebral column at birth

 Primary curvature Thoracic and Sacral

 Secondary curvature Cervical and Lumbar

 Growth of long bones continues until late adolescent

 Fractures and osteoporosis
Pathology
 Arthritis
 Osteoarthritis OA

 Rheumatoidarthritis RA

 Gouty Arthritis GA
Complete fracture Mandible