Lengua Inglesa II Grammar Topics 2009-2010

Tom Morton IV-bis 205 [email protected]

Grammar topic 1:
Language and communication

and communication What is language?

Code for communication Learnt, not biologically inherited Meaning is arbitrarily assigned to symbols

1. Language 1.1. Language

What / who is involved in human language? How is language studied?

Language as sounds Phonology: the way languages organize sounds to convey differences in meaning). Language as wordings Syntax / Grammar: the study of word structure (morphology) and the study of word sequence within sentences (syntax). Language as meanings Semantics: the way language is structured or organized to express meanings. Cognitive approach: language is something that exists in the minds of the users. Social approach: Observe what people do with language and model their linguistic behaviour.

Approaches to language:

1. Language 1.2. Grammar

and communication

Grammar studies how words combine together to form larger units.

Approaches to Grammar:
Generative approach: forms of the language and how they combine Functional approach: function of each utterance (e.g. declarative vs. interrogative)

Types of grammar:
Prescriptive grammar: one variety of language has higher value than others, and therefore should be imposed on the whole speech community. Standard. Descriptive grammar: concerned with the facts of linguistic usage

and 1.2. Exercises 1. (i): Language prescription vs. description

communication
Which of the following statements are prescriptive and which are descriptive?
a. "It's me" is ungrammatical; "It's I" is the correct way to say this. b. People who say "ain't" may suffer some negative social consequences because many speakers of English associate "ain't" with the dialects of the working classes. c. In casual styles of speaking, English speakers frequently end sentences with prepositions; ending sentences with prepositions is avoided in formal styles. d. "Between you and me" is correct; "between you and I" is ungrammatical. (from Language Files 1994: 14)

and 1.2. Exercises 1. (i): Language prescription vs. description

communication
Language Description via Google:
Which is correct? 1. 2. 3. John and I went out. John and me went out. John and myself went out.

and 1.2. Exercises 1. (i): Language prescription vs. description

communication
Language Description via Google:
Which is correct? 1. 2. 3. John and I went... John and me went ... John and myself went ... Google hits 10 million 71,000 50,000

With so many real usages, can any of these be said to be incorrect?

(Important to check for false hits, and pages written by nonnative speakers)

1. Language and 1.2. Exercises (ii): Prescriptive rules broken

All of these sentences are acceptable to some speakers of English, but not to others. Which prescriptive rule has been violated in each case?

communication

a. He don't know about the race. b. You was out when I called. c. Me and Peter walked to school. d. There's 20 horses registered in the show. e. That window's broke, so be careful. f. Jim and me are gonna go campin' this weekend. g. I hope to quickly finish writing my essay. h. Jack has approached the essay topic differently to the way I took it. i. None of us were there on time. (???) j. We haven't done nothing wrong.
(a-f from O'Grady et al. 1993. Contemporary Linguistics. An Introduction, p. 12; g-k from O'Dell, F. 1997. English Panorama 1. C.U.P)

1. Language and 1.3. Language: types of meaning

Experiential meaning: Deals with the content of the message, the speaker's conceptualisation of reality. Experiential meanings are expressed through the choice of processes, participants, circumstances and attributes.

communication
will present
Process: material

Tarantino
Actor

his new movie Goal

tomorrow
Circumstance: time

He Sayer

told Process: verbal

that he thought it was his best movie yet Addressee Verbiage

reporters

1. Language and 1.3. Language: types of meaning

Experiential meaning:

communication

Deals with the content of the message, the speaker's conceptualisation of reality. Experiential meanings are expressed through the choice of processes, participants, circumstances and attributes. Tarantino will present his new tomorrow movie Actor Process: material Goal Circumstance: time Participant He Sayer Process told Process: verbal Participant reporters Circumstance

that he thought it was his best movie yet Addressee Verbiage

1. Language and 1.3. Language: types of meaning

Interpersonal meaning:

communication

What is the speaker/writer trying to achieve in respect to the listener/reader: give information, request information, demand action, etc. Often called speech acts. Informal labels: statement, question, order, promise, offer, thanking, etc. Examples: Thanks a lot; Do not close the door; Shall we go? Interpersonal meanings are expressed through the Mood structure. Typically:
Statement: declarative mood Question: interrogative mood Order: imperative mood

Although other expressions are possible:

Question/declarative: Order/declarative: John is coming? This floor must be clean by 5!

1. Language and 1.3. Language: types of meaning

Textual meaning:

communication

How the text is organised as a message: What does the speaker/writer indicate as important (Theme, marked word order), e.g. John was seen by Mary vs. Mary saw John Use of cohesive devices to help us understand the text: John lost his bag. vs. John lost Johns bag. Textual meaning expressed through various parts of the grammar, e.g.,
Theme: use of marked word order and other grammatical choices to place particular entities at the front (see Topic 8) Cohesion: pronouns, determiners, ellipsis, substitution (see Topic 7)

1. Language and 1.3. Exercise on interpersonal meanings

Match each line with the following discourse functions/illocutionary acts: thanking, offer, echo question, directive, promise, exclamation (2), question (3), statement (3). Offer

communication

J: If you like, I'll come into your shop tomorrow and get some model aeroplane kits.
C: OK. Don't forget to bring the bill with you this time. J: I won't. Do you enjoy working here? C: It's all right, I suppose. C: But I am looking for another job. My dad keeps on at me to go into his business. but the last thing I want to do is work for him!

J: Why?
C: Why? Hes a bit of a slave driver. Do you think it is possible to get me on a part-time Youth Leadership course? J: I'll ring up tomorrow, Chris, and find out for you. C: Thanks a lot.

1. Language and 1.3. Exercise on interpersonal meanings

Offer J: If you like, I'll come into your shop tomorrow and get some model aeroplane kits. C: OK. dir prom quest Don't forget to bring the bill with you this time. J: I won't. Do you enjoy working here?

communication

Stat

C: It's all right, I suppose.

C: But I am looking for another job.

stat exclam quest Echo quest exclam Quest/dir prom thank

My dad keeps on at me to go into his business. but the last thing I want to do is work for him! J: Why? C: Why? Hes a bit of a slave driver. Do you think it is possible to get me on a part-time Youth Leadership course? J: I'll ring up tomorrow, Chris, and find out for you. C: Thanks a lot.

Exercise (i)

1.

1. Language and communication For each of the following clauses say whether a
participant or a circumstance has been chosen as Theme:
Main Street is usually crowded on late shopping nights. The girls armed with hockey-sticks chased the burglar. Quite by accident I came across a very rare postage-stamp. Away in the distance you can see Mount Kilimanjaro. What I am going to tell you must not be repeated.

a) b) c) d) e)

Exercise (i) 1.

1. Language and communication For each of the following clauses say whether a
participant or a circumstance has been chosen as Theme:
Main Street is usually crowded on late shopping nights. participant The girls armed with hockey-sticks chased the burglar. participant Quite by accident I came across a very rare postage-stamp. circumstance Away in the distance you can see Mount Kilimanjaro. circumstance What I am going to tell you must not be repeated. participant

a) b) c) d) e)

Exercise (ii) 2.

1. Language and communication In each of the following clauses say whether the Subject,
the Direct Object or the Adjunct has been chosen as Theme:
a. About fifty or sixty thousand years ago, there lived on earth a creature similar to man.

b.
c. d. e.

Skulls and bones of this extinct species of man were found at Neanderthal.
Where the first true men originated we do not know. These newcomers eventually drove the Neanderthalers out of existence. In Asia or Africa there may be still undiscovered deposits of earlier and richer human remains.

Exercise (ii) 2.

1. Language and communication In each of the following clauses say whether the Subject,
the Direct Object or the Adjunct has been chosen as Theme:
a. About fifty or sixty thousand years ago, there lived on earth a creature similar to man. Adjunct

b.
c. d. e.

Skulls and bones of this extinct species of man were found at Neanderthal. Subject
Where the first true men originated we do not know. Direct Object These newcomers eventually drove the Neanderthalers out of existence. Subject In Asia or Africa there may be still undiscovered deposits of earlier and richer human remains. Adjunct

Windows is shutting down, and grammar are On their last leg. So what am we to do? A letter of complaint go just so far, Proving the only one in step are you. Better, perhaps, to simply let it goes. A sentence have to be screwed pretty bad Before they gets to where you doesnt knows The meaning what it must of meant to had. The meteor have hit. Extinction spread, But evolution do not stop for that. A mutant languages rise from the dead And all them rules is suddenly old hat. Too bad for we, us what has had so long The best seat from the only game in town. But there it am, and whom can say its wrong? Those are the break. Windows is shutting down. (Guardian, April 27, 2005)

"hI KATHY i am sending u the assignmnet again,". "i had sent you the assignment earlier but i didnt get a respond. If u get this assgnment could u please respond . thanking u for ur cooperation."

Agree or disagree?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. New forms of communication such as email, twitter or text messages are changing the grammar of English and Spanish. Using correct forms of grammar is not important in these types of communication. Young people (e.g. in Spain, the US or UK) do not use grammar correctly. A new variety of English (English as a Lingua Franca or ELF) is emerging and its rules are different from those of native speakers. It is better (and easier) to learn ELF for communicating with other non-native speakers than native English.