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Lecture 1 of 7

This document provides an overview of polynomials. It defines polynomials and describes their degree and leading coefficient. It discusses monomials, binomials, and trinomials as special cases of polynomials. The document explains how to perform algebraic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and long division on polynomials. It provides examples of performing each operation and expressing the quotient of polynomial long division in the form P(x)=Q(x)D(x)+R(x).

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Joey Chow C A
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
136 views

Lecture 1 of 7

This document provides an overview of polynomials. It defines polynomials and describes their degree and leading coefficient. It discusses monomials, binomials, and trinomials as special cases of polynomials. The document explains how to perform algebraic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and long division on polynomials. It provides examples of performing each operation and expressing the quotient of polynomial long division in the form P(x)=Q(x)D(x)+R(x).

Uploaded by

Joey Chow C A
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 3:

POLYNOMIALS
3. 1 Polynomials 3. 2 Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem and Zeros of Polynomial 3 .3 Partial Fractions

LECTURE 1
3. 1 POLYNOMIALS

Learning outcomes: At the end of the lesson, students should be able: (a) To define polynomials, and state the degree of a polynomial and the leading coefficient.

(b) To recognize monomials, binomials and trinomials.

(c)

To perform addition, subtraction and multiplication of polynomials.

(d) To perform division of polynomials and write the answer in the form P(x)=Q(x)D(x)+R(x), where the divisor can be linear or quadratic.

Introduction
Basic functions:

f ( x) b (Constant function) f ( x) ax b, a 0 (Linear function) 2 f ( x) ax bx c, a 0 (Quadratic function) 3 2 f ( x) ax bx cx d , a 0, (Cubic function)


All these functions are special cases of the general class of functions called Polynomial Functions

Definition
A polynomial P(x) of degree n is defined as

P( x) an x an1 x
n

n 1

... a1 x a0 ;

an 0

where and

nZ

a0 , a1 , a2 ,...an

are

called the coefficient of the polynomial.

Note that:
(i) The coefficient of the highest power of x,

an , is the leading coefficient . (ii) The constant term is a0 .


(iii) The degree of the polynomial is determined by the highest power of x.

Examples of polynomial functions:


Polynomials Deg. 0 1 2 3 Name
const. linear quadratic cubic

Leading Const. coefft. term 0 5 7 2 1 7 6 0 3 5

P( x) 7 P( x) 5 x 6 2 P( x) 7 x x 3 2 P( x) 2 x 7 x x3
4

P( x) x 5 x 5 4

quartic

Examples of non-polynomial expressions:

x 4 x,
1 3

1 3

5 1 3x , x

x 3x 3
2

x x 3

contains non-positive power of x.

Monomials, Binomials And Trinomials


Polynomials with one, two and three terms are called monomials, binomials and trinomials, respectively. Example

Name Example 3 Monomial x 3 Binomial 3x 2 x Trinomial 7 x 3 2 x 2 1

Algebraic Operations

Laws of Numbers

commutative

associative

distributive

Addition and subtraction


The addition and subtraction of the polynomial

P( x)

and

Q( x )

can be performed by collecting like terms. (similar terms)

Q( x) x4 x3 3 x 2 4 x

Example
Given

P( x) 2 x 5x 4 and 4 3 2 Q( x) x x 3x 4 x.
4 3

Determine

(a) P(x) + Q(x)


(b) P(x) Q(x) Answer

Solution

(a) P( x) Q( x)

( 2 x 5x 4 ) (x x 3x 4 x)
4 3 4 3 2

3x 4 x 3x 4 x 4
4 3 2

( b) P ( x ) Q ( x )

(2 x 5x 4) ( x x 3x 4 x) 4 3 2 x 6 x 3x 4 x 4
4 3 4 3 2

Multiplication
Every term in one polynomial is multiplied by each term in the other polynomial.

Example
Given

P( x) x x 1 and 3 2 Q( x ) 2 x x 1 .
2

Determine

(a) 4Q(x)
(b) P(x)Q(x) Answer

Solution

(a ) 4Q( x) 4(2 x x 1)
3 2

8x 4 x 4
3 2

(b) P( x)Q( x) ( x x 1)(2 x x 1) 5 4 3 2 2 x 3x x 2 x x 1


2 3 2

Note that: If P(x) is a polynomial of degree m and Q(x) is a polynomial of degree n, Then product P(x)Q(x) is a polynomial of degree (m + n)

Division
The division of the polynomial can be expressed in the form

P( x) D( x)Q( x) R( x)
where

D(x) Divisor R(x) Remainder

Q(x) Quotient

Long Division
Remainder

35 17 2
Quotient

1 2
Divisor

17 2 35 34 1

Hence,

35 (17)( 2) 1

Example
Divide 2 x 2 3x 6 by

x 1

Answer

Solution

2x 1 2 x 1 2 x 3x 6 2x 2x x6 x 1
2

2 x 3x 6 7 2x 1 x 1 x 1 2 2 x 3x 6 (2 x 1)( x 1) 7
2

Example
Determine

3x 4 x x 7 3x 4
3 2

by using long division.


Answer

Solution

x 1 3x 4 3x 3 4 x 2 x 7
2

3x 4 x
3

x7 3x 4 2 x 11
3x 4 x x 7 11 2 x 2 ( x 1) 3x 4 3x 4
3 2

3x 3 4 x 2 x 7 ( x 2 1)(3x 4) (11 2 x)

Example
Divide 7 6 x 2 2 x 4 by

x 5
2

Answer

Solution

2 x 2 16 x2 5 2x4 6x2 7 2 x 4 10 x 2 16 x 2 7 16 x 2 80 87

2x4 6x2 7 87 2 (2 x 16) 2 2 x 5 x 5


2 x 4 6 x 2 7 (2 x 2 16)( x 2 5) 87

Example
Determine

x x x6 ( x 1)( x 3)
4 3

Answer

Solution

x 3x 9 x 2 4 x 3 x 4 x3 0 x 2 x 6
2

x 4 x 3x
4 3

3x 3 3x 2 x 6 3x 12 x 9 x
2 2

9 x 2 10 x 6 -) 9 x 36 x 27
2

26 x 21

x 4 x 3 x 6 ( x 2 3x 9)( x 1)( x 3) (26 x 21)

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