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1.4 Cells As Basic Units of Living Organisms Are Grouped Into Tissues and Organs

1. Phloem 4. In vascular bundles of stems and leaves 7. Transport organic substances such as carbohydrates and amino acids

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waiyingtan
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519 views

1.4 Cells As Basic Units of Living Organisms Are Grouped Into Tissues and Organs

1. Phloem 4. In vascular bundles of stems and leaves 7. Transport organic substances such as carbohydrates and amino acids

Uploaded by

waiyingtan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

4 Cells as basic units of living


organisms are grouped into tissues
and organs
Objectives

• At the end of the lesson students should be


able to
 Describe types and specialized cell :

Plants (meristem, parenchyma, collenchyma,


sclerenchyma,xylem and phloem)
Meristem cells (plant)
• Meristems are
– unspecialized cells
– youthful cells (meristematic cells)
– found at the tip of roots and shoots.

• Meristem ;
a) Apical meristem
b) Lateral meristem
• Cells are small and protoplast fills the cell
completely.

• Vacuoles are small.

• Cytoplasm does not contain differentiated


plastids (chloroplasts or chromoplasts), but
present in rudimentary form (proplastids).
Apical meristem
• Located in root tips
and shoot buds

• Primary
growth (elongation)
is initiated by
apical meristems
Lateral meristem
• Responsible for the
increase in the girth
of plants.

• Secondary growth
(increased girth) is
the thickening of
roots and shoots due
to development of
lateral systems
• Plant tissues are specialized into three basic cell
types:

Parenchyma cells
Collenchyma cells
Sclerenchyma cells
Parenchyma
• Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue found in;

– cortex and pith of stems

– cortex of roots

– mesophyll (photosynthetic cells)

– pulp of fruits

– endosperm of seeds, and

– photosynthetic areas of a leaf.


• Capable of cell division even after maturation (they are
still meristematic).
• Cell walls are thin and flexible (most lack secondary
walls),
• Cube-shaped and are loosely packed.

• Have large central vacuoles, which allows the cells to


store nutrients and water.
• Function of the
parenchyma cells of
roots and stem is the
storage of food (e.g.
starch and water).

• The intercellular air


spaces permit gaseous
exchange.
• Parenchyma cells have a variety of functions;

– photosynthesis (may then be called


Chlorenchyma / Mesophyll cells)
– gas exchange (Aerenchyma)

– storage

– other specialised functions.


Collenchyma cells
• Have thicker primary walls than parenchyma
cells.
• Thickened areas are usually at the corners of
cell walls (unevenly thickened)
• Thickening materials are cellulose and pectin.

• The cell is long and in polygon shape.


• Functions:
– Acts as supporting tissues which provide the
herbaceous plant with mechanical strength
and flexibility.
– Collenchyma cells contain chloroplasts; carry
out photosynthesis.
Sclerenchyma

• Sclerenchyma is a
supporting tissue.
• Two groups of
sclerenchyma;
– fibers

– sclereids.
• Cell walls consist of cellulose and/or lignin.

• Mature sclerenchyma is composed of dead cells


with extremely thick cell walls (secondary walls)
• Have ceased elongation.
Fibers

• Fibers are generally long, slender, usually


occurring in strands or bundles.
• Elongated, polygonal-shaped with tapering ends.

• Found below the epidermis of stems or roots,


in/or around the vascular bundles in the midribs
of leaves.
• Functions:
– Supporting tissues

– Tapered end overlap and interlock with one


another, increasing their combined strength
Sclereids
• Have different shapes but,
shorter than sclerenchyma
fibers.
• Consist of death cells with
thicker lignified walls
• Found in groups in stems,
leaves, fruits (pears, guava) and
seeds (testa of been seeds)
• Functions:
– Protective tissue
which give
strength and
support to the
plant structures
or organs.
Parenchyma

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma
Xylem

• Vascular tissue that


functions in
transporting water
and dissolve mineral
salts to the upper
parts of plants
• Xylem comprises four types of cells :

a) vessel elements

b) tracheids

c) xylem fibers (sclerenchyma)

d) xylem parenchyma
Fi be rs

Perf orate d
End Walls

Pit
Ves sel Tra che ids
Element
Xylem
• Vessels elements
– Found in the xylem
tissues of flowering
plants.
– Most water travels in
the xylem vessels.
– Formed from a column
of tubular cell.
– The end cross-walls break down so the cells combine
to form a continuous long tube.
– Wall of this tube strengthened by deposition of lignin.

– Lignified walls are impermeable to water, solutes and


gases.
– Composes of dead cells, more water can flow through
the hollow continuous tube with less friction.
• Tracheids

– Generally longer but more narrow than vessel


elements.
– Elongated spindle shape single cell with
tapering end wall.
– Pits are present in the walls to allow water to
move to another tracheids also surrounding
living cells.
Function ;
– Transport water and
mineral ion but are less
efficient than vessels.
• Xylem fibers & parenchyma
– Similar to sclerenchyma fibers and
parenchyma
Phloem
• Phloem is component of
the vascular tissues.

• Specialised to transport
organic substances such
as carbohydrates and
amino acids

• Consists of:
– Sieve tubes element
– companion cells
• Sieve tubes
– Consist of sieve elements (sieve cells) joined together
to form a long tube.
– Their ends walls are perforated forming sieve plates
with sieve pores.
– Cells are alive, with thin cellulose walls and
protoplasm.
Schlere nc hyma
Cells

Sieve Plate

Sieve-t ube
Elem ent
Com panion
Cell
• Companion cells
– Located beside the sieve
tubes
– Have a nucleus, dense
cytoplasm with small
vacuoles.
– Metabolically active
(have mitochondria and
ribosomes)
– Link by numerous plasmodesmata to sieve elements.

– Move sugar such as sucrose and amino acids into the


sieve elements.
1. Identify the tissue
shown in the diagram
above
________________
1 mark
4. Show the location of this
tissue
________________
1 mark
7. What is the function of
this tissue?
__________________
1 mark

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