Chapter 5

STRESS-STRAIN-
TEMPERATURE
RELATIONSHIP
BITS PILANI GOA
Contents:
Introduction
• Stress- Strain diagram
• Tensile test
Idealizations of Stress-Strain Curves
Elastic Stress- Strain Relations
Thermal Strain
Complete Equations of Elasticity
Strain Energy in an Elastic Body
Criteria for Initial Yielding
 σ

Stress-strain diagram for a structural steel in

tension ( Not to scale)
Stress-strain diagram for a structural steel in tension
( Drawn to scale)
Typical stress- strain diagram for an aluminum
alloy
Typical stress-strain diagram for brittle material
Compression stress-strain diagram for copper
Stress-strain diagram for
a cast iron in tension and compression
• Elastic deformation:
It is the deformation which exist when load
applied and it disappears as soon as the load is
released.
• Plastic Deformation:
when load is applied beyond elastic range, and
the deformation does not disappears after the
load is released.
• A Ductile materials is one which the plastic
deformation is much larger than elastic
deformation
(a) Elastic behaviour; (b) Partially elastic
behaviour
Reloading of a material and raising of the yield
stress
Creep:

Creep in a bar under constant load

• Creep:
Deformation increase with time under a constant
load and elevated temperature i.e. paper clip
deformation may be evident at 480OC and for Al
components deformation may be evident at 200OC,
elastic recovery and elastic after effect

• Visco -elasticity:
Viscoelastic behavior demonstrates a strain that is
changing with time under a constant applied stress
 In last class we have seen
Stress- Strain diagram

Ductile material Brittle material

Tension Compression
Tension Compression

Creep Deformation
 Failure modes
• Excessive deformation
• Plastic deformation
• Fracture
• Fatigue
• corrosion
• Wear
Idealized models of material behaviour

(a) Rigid material

 (b) Linearly elastic
material
It is useful when we are designing for small
deformations or to prevent fatigue or fracture in
brittle structures.
(c) Perfectly plastic material (d) Rigid– plastic material
( non- strain- hardening) (strain- hardening)

It is useful in designing structures for their

maximum loads, in studying many machining and
metal forming problems.
(e)Elastic- perfectly plastic (f) Elastic- plastic
material (non- strain- hardening) material (strain-
hardening)
It is useful in designing against moderate
deformations.
 P
EX. 6

P
Geometric compatibility:

Strain- Strain Relations:

(b)
(c)

(d)

(e)
 3-Dimentional State of Stress OR
Triaxial State of Stress

σ x τ xy τ xz
τ yx σ y τ yz (4.4)

τ zx τ zy σ z
A knowledge of the nine stress components is
necessary in order to determine the components
of the stress vector T acting on an arbitrary
plane with normal n.
3-D Elastic stress-strain relations:
Assumptions:
Materials are linearly elastic and Isotropic
Strains are small compared to unity
Poisson’s Ratio
• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:

σx
εx = σy=σz=0
E
• The elongation in the x-direction is accompanied
by a contraction in the other directions.
Assuming that the material is isotropic (no
directional dependence),

εy = εz ≠ 0
• Poisson’s ratio is defined as
lateral strain εy ε
ν= =− =− z
axial strain εx εx
Initially consider an element on which only σx is
acting

σx
εx =
E

Is their any possibility of shear strains resulting

from normal stress ?
 Hypothetical shear strain due to normal
stress
Hence γxz is zero
Similarly γxy and γyz must be zero
Now in addition to σx , σy is also acting on the
element

σy
εy =
E
σ
ε =ε = −ν ε y
y
x z
= −ν
E
Similar results are obtained for the strain due to σz
Is their any possibility of normal strains resulting
τ
from shear stress zx ?
Shear Modulus :
The ratio of shearing stress τ to shearing
strain γ within the proportional limit of a
material.
Hence for material with all stress component
present, stress strain relations are
The relation between the two elastic constants
is given by

E
= (1 + ν )
2G
Thermal Strain:
• The strain due to temperature change in
the absence of stress is called thermal
strain and is denoted by the superscript t
on the strain symbol thus: ε t

• The following thermal strains are obtained

due to change in temperature from T0 to T

ε = ε = ε = α (T − T )
t t t
x y z 0

γ =γ =γ =0
t t t

xy yz zx
For linear elastic material strains may be added

ε TOTAL ε ε
e t
= +

Effect of temperature on stress- strain curve.

Complete Equations of Elasticity:
The problem is to find 3-D stress-strain distribution

Useful steps:
Force equilibrium
Geometric Compatibility
Stress- Strain- Temperature relations

To summarize we can write elasticity equation in

3- D for linear elastic isotropic material.
(4.14)

(4.33)
 [mechanical strain, Thermal]

(5.2)

These 15 equations can be applied to deformations

of isotropic, linearly elastic solids which involves
small strains
Example 1

A circle of diameter d = 9 in. is

scribed on an unstressed aluminum
plate of thickness t = 3/4 in. Forces
acting in the plane of the plate later
cause normal stresses σx = 12 ksi and
σz = 20 ksi.
For E = 10x106 psi and ν = 1/3,
determine the change in:
• the length of diameter AB,
• the length of diameter CD,
• the thickness of the plate, and
• the volume of the plate.
SOLUTION:
• Apply the generalized Hooke’s Law to find the three
components of normal strain.

σx νσ y νσ z
εx = + − −
E E E
1  1 
= (12 ksi ) − 0 − ( 20 ksi )
10 ×106 psi 
 3 


= +0.533 ×10 −3 in./in.

νσ x σy νσ z
εy = − + −
E E E
= −1.067 ×10 −3 in./in.
νσ x νσ y σ
εz = − − + z
E E E
= +1.600 ×10 −3 in./in.
• Evaluate the deformation components.

( )
δ B A = ε x d = + 0.533 × 10− 3 in./in. ( 9 in.)
−3
δ B A = +4.8 × 10 in.

( )
δ C D = ε z d = + 1.600 × 10− 3 in./in. ( 9 in.)
−3
δ C D = +14.4 × 10 in.

( )
δ t = ε y t = − 1.067 × 10 in./in. ( 0.75 in.)
−3

δ t = −0.800 × 10− 3 in.

 Determine the volumetric strain, , of a
E
X.2 rectangular parallelepiped of linearly elastic,
isotropic material subjected to general triaxial
stress. Assume that ε << 1 for all coordinate
directions.
The volumetric strain is given by

(1)

For uniform strain in each coordinate direction

(2)

After simplification

(3)
But strain in x,y and z direction in traxial
stress system are

(4)

Substituting 4 in 3
In last class we have seen
3-D Elastic stress- strain relations
• Normal stress produces only normal strains and
no shear strains
• Shear stress produces only shear strain and not
normal strains
Poisson’s ratio
Relation between two elastic constant
E
= (1 + ν )
2G
Ex. 3

Assumptions:
Uniformly distributes normal stress

σ Z
=0

ε y
=0
Friction force at the wall is negligible
Normal stress of contact between the plate and wall is
uniform
Idealized model
 Equilibrium:

(a)

Geometric Compatibility

(b)
Stress- Strain relations

(c)
Solving a,b and c we find

(d)
Strain- Displacement Relations

(e)
In the last class we have seen
Thermal strain
Complete equations of elasticity.
Exact solution to the elasticity problem on plate for
the idealized model
Ex.4

(3.31)
 Answer:

σ x
= −137.2 MPa
δD = 0.1107 mm
 EX. 5

The strains at a point on aluminium ( E=70GPa, G=

28 GPa and ν = 0.25) were found to be ε x = 650
micron ε y = 300 micron and γ xy = 750 micron. Determine
the stresses and the strain assuming the point is in
plane stress.
Answer:

σ x
= 54.1MPa

σ y
= 34.5MPa

τ xy
= 21MPa

ε z
= −317 microns
Strain energy in an elastic body:
The energy stored in a body due to deformation is
called strain energy.
Strain energy density
Engineering structures are designed to function
without per meant deformation.

For linear elastic material

For linear elastic body

(5.14)
The strain energy stored in the element is

(5.15)
Consider Gradual loading of element with all six
component of stresses

(5.17)

Assignment:

Derive equation for strain energy for isotropic

material in terms of either complete stress
component or strain component.
In the last class we have seen
Numerical based on elasticity equations
Expression for strain energy in 3-D stress system
Failure modes in materials
Idealization of stress-strain curve
CRITERIA FOR INITIAL YIELDING
Mises Yield Criterion
Initial yielding occurs when the root mean
square of the differences between the principal
stresses reaches the same value that it has
when yielding occurs in a tensile test
1
  1   2     2   3     3   1  
2 2 2

Let Y denote the stress at which yielding

begins in simple tension test
It is also known as distortion- energy criterion
for yielding
For plane stress, σ3 = 0, we will have

Tresca or maximum shear stress criterion

Assumption: The yielding occurs when the
absolute maximum shear stress at a point
reaches the value of the maximum shear stress
to cause yielding in a tensile test
Fig. 5.28 Example of biaxial stress in a thin
walled cylinder
 Yields according to Yields
Tresca criterion according to
Mises criterion
Elastic σ2
behaviour
Maximum
Mises criterion Y shear
criterion
Y σ1
Y
Example 5.27
A batch of 2024- T4 aluminum alloy yields in
uniaxial tension at the stress σ0= 330 MN/ m2. If
this material is subjected to the following state
of stress, will it yield according to a) the Mises
criterion, and b) the maximum shear stress
criterion
σx = 138 MN/ m2 σy = -69 MN/ m2
τ xy= 138 MN/m2
Answer:

The given material yields according to shear stress

criterion.
It doesn't yield according to von- mises criterion.