Direction & Controlling

Planning and organization provide foundation to the organization and direction initiates action by its workforce towards achievement of its goals. Having appointed to the work force managers ensures they work to achieve the organizational standards of performance and in course of doing so satisfying their personel needs & wants. They work as a catalysts for achieving organizational & individual goals.

Directing is a managerial function that involves the responsibility of managers for communicating with others what their roles are in achieving the company plan Getting all the members of group to want and to strive to achieve objectives of the enterprise and of the members because the members wants to achieve these objectives Skills for directing : 1) Diagnose 2) Adapt 3) communicate

Process of action Ongoing process Not supported by rules Directing is situational Behavioral science Understanding the group behavior Participative in nature Pervasive

Initiates action Creation of sound work environment Development of managers Behavioral satisfaction Increase in productivity Achieves coordination Facilitates control Facilitates growth Facilitates change

Appropriate selection of employees Participation Communication Counseling and guidance Unity of command Unity of direction Synthesis of conflicting objectives Direct supervision Contribution Use of informal organization Follow-up

Supervision function Leadership function

Communication function
Motivation function

Effective plan, organizational structures, effective directions and intelligent staff can not effectively work if organizational activities can not controlled scientifically and deviations always arises. Controlling can not prevent deviations, it can only minimize them by taking actions that reduce their recurrence. Controlling is taking steps to ensure that actual performance conforms to planned performance , by preventing deviations and taking corrective measures to reduce their recurrence.

controlling is the measurement and correction of performance in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and the plans devised to attain them are being accomplishment controlling is determining what is being accomplished that is evaluating the performance and if necessary, applying corrective measures so that performance take place according to plan

It is an pervasive function It is a process It is an inevitable function of management It is closely associated with all managerial functions It is a corrective devise It is a positive function It is a means not an end

It helps in detecting mistakes It helps in managing complex situations It helps managers face change and uncertainties It helps managers in monitoring the actions of employees It facilitates delegation It facilitates decentralization Coordination Psychological impact

Feed forward control Concurrent control Feed back control -quality and quantity controls -financial controls -control on employees performance

no
Establish standards and methods of measurem ent Measure performance Does perform ance match with standard s

Takes corrective actions

yes

Do nothing

Types of standards : Time standards Production standards Cost standards Quality standards Behavioral standards

Participative standards Positive responses during evaluation A coaching rather than directive role of supervision Management by objectives Human resource accounting

Inaccurate controls Excessive controls Unachievable standards Fear of accountability Unpredictable standards Lack of authority over area of control

Explain the need for control Change the attitudes of workers Realastic control Reasonable standards of performance Revaluation of control Focus of attention Participation of employees Range of control Flexible control

Budget as a control devise Profit & loss control

Control through return on investment

A budget is a statement showing future incomes, expenditures and profits of the firm It is the process of stating in quantitative terms, planned organizational activities for a given period of time It is a future projection of the firms financial position

Standards of performance Budget facilitate planning Basis for coordination Motivation & job satisfaction Facilitates control Facilitates delegation of authority Financial planning Optimum utilization of scarce resources

Overspending Inflexibility Projection of future Hindrance to innovation & change Overemphasize on budgeted goals

In budgeting past performance generally provides basis for future performance but zero base budget does not follow this norm. In zero base budgeting it assesses its current years activities, corelates them with its goals carries cost benefit analysis of each activities and allocates fresh recourses to each activity

Justification made on current & future condition Activities are ranked on the basis of importance Allows freedom to managers Involvement at all levels promotes participation in planning

Information technology has promoted the development of MIS. Management information system is an integrated, user machine system for providing information to support operations, management and decision making functions in an organization

A computer may be defined as a devise, which operates upon data which comes in various shapes and sizes depending upon the types of computers

Main frame computer : Mini computer :

Micro computer/ personal computer :

Top level: for retrive information from data base for facilitating the application of decision models Middle level: computers facilitates communication among different levels of organization Lower level: computers are used for scheduling, daily planning and controlling at the lower level management

Data management : Data analysis :

Word processing :
Communication :

Resistance to use computers : Speech recognition device : Telecommuting : Computer networks : Internet : Information security :

Electronic commerce commonly known as ecommerce refers to the buying and selling of the products or services through electronic systems such as internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with wide spread internet usage. electronic fund transfer, supply chain management, internet marketing, online transactions etc..

It is a common measure of how well a country, industry or business unit is using its resources in its broad sense, productivity is defined as

productivity = Outputs/inputs

Partial productivity Total factor productivity

Total productivity

Inventory planning & control Just in time Outsourcing Operation research Value engineering Work simplification Quality circle Total quality management Computer aided techniques

Economic environment Political environment Legal environment Social environment Demographic environment Natural environment Technological environment

Globalization means integration with the world economy. In simple economic term it refers to the process of integration of the world into one huge market. In a business globalization means two things : 1, the company commits itself heavily with several manufacturing locations around the world and offers products in several diversified industries. 2, it also means ability to compete in domestic market with foreign competitors.

Historical tendencies : Conceptual tendencies :

Modern tendencies :

Systems approach to management Conceptual or situational approach to managing :

Popularity & use of principle of management : Operational school of management :

Confluence of leadership & motivational concept :

MNCs management practices Case study approach to management education Emphasis on behavioral approach to management Professionalization of management Technological revolution Environment of global competition

Multiplicity of roles No average person

Importance of personal dignity

The word create denotes originating or conceiving an idea or a thing that did not exist before.. Creativity generally refers to the social process involving the generation of new ideas or objects into something new..

Act Process

Object
Person environment

Convergent thinking Divergent thinking

Challenging work Supportive supervision

Organizational & work group culture

Experience Assumption Judgment Right answers Fear of failure

Conformity

Preparation incubation illumination

verification

Brain storming Group discussion

Innovation means a new way of doing something.it may refer to the incremental, radical and revolutionary changes in thinking, product, services ,processes or organizations

Technological innovation Organizational innovation

Social innovation

Individuals Firms

Universities
Government funded research Private non-profits

Harmonizing the need of individuals with the demand of enterprise through leading function is the most significant synchronization of organizational features and individual needs.. It is a essence of directing , harmonizing objective means establishing concurrence between personal goals and organizational goals of the member of organization.