MOTION IN TWO

DIMENSION
Force and motion in two
dimensions

Equilibrium and equilibrant
Motion along an inclined plane
Projectile motion

Force and motion in two dimensions
Equilibrium :
state of a body in which there is no change in
its motion
No unbalanced forces act
Net force is zero
Rest or moving object

Equilibrant force : equal in magnitud two or
more concurrent forces, in opposite direction
Which diagram represents a box in equilibrium?


Motion along an inclined plane

A block weighing 10.0 newtons is on a ramp inclined at 30.0 to the
horizontal. A 3.0-newton force of friction, F
f
, acts on the block as it
is pulled up the ramp at constant velocity with force F, which is
parallel to the ramp, as shown in Figure 1.

i) Sketch a free-body diagram to show the forces that act on the
block .
ii)What is the magnitude of force F?

Solution(i)

N F

mg cos 30
o
30
o
30
o

Ff mg sin 30
o

W
Solution(ii)

F = mg sin 30 + 3
ma= 8N

PROJECTILE MOTION
The movement of an object in
two dimensions and altered
by the force of gravity.
01
PROJECTILE MOTION
A car going off the edge of a
cliff.
02
PROJECTILE MOTION
A football kicked for a field
goal.
03
PROJECTILE MOTION
A tennis ball bouncing across
the net.
04
PROJECTILE MOTION
A horseshow pitched at a
stake.
05
PROJECTILE MOTION
A baseball hit for a homerun.
06
Projectile Motion
07
Which path will the ball follow?
Projectile Motion
08
Projectiles follow parabolic paths
Projectile Motion
09
Projectile Motion
Motion in a curve path

Initial velocity, u
S = ut + at
2
V
2
= u
2
+ 2as
Projectile Motion
Constant velocity, 100 m/s
S = ut + at
2 (vertical/horizontal)
V
2
= u
2
+ 2as (up/down)
500m
PROJECTILE MOTION
An object launched into space
without motive power of its own is
called a projectile. If we neglect
air resistance, the only force
acting on a projectile is its weight,
which causes its path to deviate
from a straight line.
The projectile has a constant
horizontal velocity and a vertical
velocity that changes uniformly
under the influence of the
acceleration due to gravity.
v
x
v
y
A projectiles velocity has 2 parts
Projectile Motion
10
Projectile Motion
v
x
is constant
No horizontal acceleration
11
Projectile Motion
Gravity causes vertical acceleration
v
y
is not
constant
12
The more general case of projectile
motion occurs when the projectile is
fired at an angle.
Projectile Motion
13
A projectile projected with a velocity vo at an angle qo
to the horizontal will undergo acceleration vertically
and constant speed horizontally if air resistance is
negligible.

Projectile Motion
In solving projectile motion problems treat the motion
separately as vertical and horizontal motions and use
constant acceleration equations
assume zero air resistance
Vertically
a = -g (-9.8 m s
-2
)
u = v
o
sin q
o

v = -v
o
sin q
o

Horizontally
a = 0
u = v = v
o
cos q
o



Projectile Motion
v
i
v
y
v
y
= v
i
sin
y = v
y
t + at
2

v
x
= v
i
cos
x = v
x
t
v
x
14
Projectiles launched at an angle
t
air
= -2v
y
/a
d = v
x
t
air
Projectile Motion
Projectiles launched horizontally
h
d
t
air
= -2h/a
d = v
x
t
air
u= 0

15
-h = at
2


HORIZONTAL PROJECTION
If an object is projected horizontally, its motion can best be
described by considering its horizontal and vertical motion
separately.
In the figure we can
see that the vertical
velocity and position
increase with time as
those of a free-falling
body. Note that the
horizontal distance
increases linearly
with time, indicating
a constant horizontal
velocity.
Problem Solution Strategy:

1. Upward direction is positive. Acceleration due to gravity (g) is
downward thus g = - 9.8 m/s
2

2. Resolve the initial velocity v
o
into its x and y components:
v
ox
=v
o
cos v
oy
=v
o
sin

3. The horizontal and vertical components of its position at any
instant is given by: x =v
ox
t y =v
oy
t +gt
2


4. The horizontal and vertical components of its velocity at any
instant are given by: v
x
=v
ox
v
y
=v
oy
+gt

5. The final position and velocity can then be obtained from their
components.
3.1 An airplane traveling at 80 m/s at an elevation of 250 m drops a box of
supplies to skiers stranded in a snowstorm.
a. At what horizontal distance from the skiers should the supplies be
dropped?
v
o
= 80 m/s
y = 250 m
y = v
oy
t + gt
2

t
y
t
2
=
8 . 9
) 250 ( 2
= = 7 s
x = v
ox
t
= 80(7)
= 560 m
b. Find the magnitude of the velocity of the box as it reaches the ground.
v
x
= v
ox
= 80 m/s
and
v
y
= v
oy
+ gt
= 9.8 (7)
= 68.6 m/s
2 2
) ( ) (
y x f
v v v + =
2 2
) 6 . 68 ( ) 80 ( + =
= 105.4 m/s
3.2 A person standing on a cliff throws a stone with a horizontal velocity of
15.0 m/s and the stone hits the ground 47.0 m from the base of the cliff.
How high is the cliff?
v
o
= 15.0 m/s
x = 47.0 m
v
y
= 0
x
v
x
t =
15
47
= = 3.13 s
y = v
oy
t + gt
2

= 0 + (9.8)(3.13)
2

= 48 m
3.3 An artillery shell is fired with an initial velocity of 100 m/s at an angle
of 30 above the horizontal. Find:
a. Its position and velocity after 8 s
v
o
= 100 m/s, 30
t = 8 s
g = - 9.8 m/s
2

v
ox
= 100 cos 30
= 86.6 m/s
v
oy
= 100 sin 30
= 50 m/s
x = v
ox
t
= 86.6(8)
= 692.8 m
y = v
oy
t + gt
2

= 50(8) + (-9.8)(8)
2

= 86.4 m
v
x
= v
ox
= 86.6 m/s
v
y
= v
oy
+ gt
= 50 + (-9.8)(8)
= - 28.4 m/s
b. The time required to reach its maximum height
At the top of the path:
v
y
= 0
v
y
= v
oy
+ gt
g
v
t
oy

=
8 . 9
50

=
= 5.1 s
c. The horizontal distance (range)
Total time
T = 2t
= 2(5.1)
= 10.2 s
x = v
ox
t
= 86.6(10.2)
= 883.7 m
3.4 A plastic ball that is released with a velocity of 15 m/s stays in the air
for 2.0 s.
a. At what angle with respect to the horizontal was it released?
v
o
= 15 m/s
t = 2 s
time to maximum height = 1 s
at the top v
y
= 0
v
y
= v
oy
+ gt
g
v
t
o
u sin
=
o
v
tg
= u sin
15
) 1 ( 8 . 9
sin
1
= u
= 40.8
b. What was the maximum height achieved by the ball?
y = v
oy
t +gt
2

= (15)(sin 40.8)(1) + (-9.8)(1)
2

= 4.9 m
3.5 An arrow was shot at an angle of 55 with respect to the horizontal. The
arrow landed at a horizontal distance of 875 m. Find the velocity of the
arrow at the top of its path.
= 55
x = 875 m
total time of flight:
u cos
o
v
x
t =
y = v
oy
t +gt
2

if y = 0
0 = t (v
oy
+ gt)
v
oy
= gt
v
o
sin = g t
At the top of its path the arrow has v
y
= o
and
v
x
= v
ox

= 95.5 cos 55
= 54.8 m/s
= 95.5 m/s
) 55 )(cos 55 (sin 2
) 875 )( 8 . 9 (

=
u u cos sin 2
gx
v
o
=
substituting the time and solving for v
o
3.6 Find the range of a gun which fires a shell with muzzle velocity v
o
at an
angle . What is the maximum range possible?
At top v
y
= 0

v
y
= v
oy
+ gt
= v
o
sin - gt
g
v
t
o
u sin
=
Total time = 2t
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
g
v
v
o
o
u
u
sin 2
cos
) cos (sin
2
2
u u
g
v
x
o
=
x = v
x
t
sin cos = sin 2
u 2 sin
2
g
v
x
o
=
) cos (sin
2
2
u u
g
v
x
o
=
Maximum range is 45 since 2 = 90
b. Find the angle of elevation u of a gun that fires a shell with muzzle
velocity of 125 m/s and hits a target on the same level but 1.55 km distant.
v
o
= 125 m/s
x = 1.55 km
2
2 sin
o
v
gx
= u
u 2 sin
2
g
v
x
o
=
2
) 125 (
) 1550 )( 8 . 9 (
=
= 0.9721
sin
-1
(2) =76.4
= 38.2