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Basics of DNA: Todd Rightmire Mt. Baker High School

DNA is contained in the nucleus of cells and is made up of a double helix structure with a backbone of sugar and phosphate groups joined by nitrogenous base pairs. DNA replication occurs before cell division where the double helix unwinds and each strand acts as a template to produce new DNA molecules. Genes on DNA code for amino acids that determine traits. Through transcription and translation, DNA is copied to mRNA which directs the assembly of proteins according to codon sequences.

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49 views

Basics of DNA: Todd Rightmire Mt. Baker High School

DNA is contained in the nucleus of cells and is made up of a double helix structure with a backbone of sugar and phosphate groups joined by nitrogenous base pairs. DNA replication occurs before cell division where the double helix unwinds and each strand acts as a template to produce new DNA molecules. Genes on DNA code for amino acids that determine traits. Through transcription and translation, DNA is copied to mRNA which directs the assembly of proteins according to codon sequences.

Uploaded by

lordniklaus
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of DNA

Todd Rightmire Mt. Baker High School

Cellular composition
DNA is contained in
nucleus of cell Phospho-lipids and proteins combined to form cell membrane Lipids are fats

DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) is a double helix


Backbone is made of
sugar-phosphate Base pairs bind the backbone together Adenine always pairs with Thymine Guanine binds with Cytosine

Base pairs
A=T double hydrogen bond G C triple hydrogen bond Nucleotide (3 chemical
groups)
Sugar deoxyribose contains 5 Carbon atoms Phosphate group A base (A, T, G, C)

Extracting DNA from an onion


Papain (enzyme) is found in meat
tenderizer
destroys cell membrane

Detergent breaks down lipids in cell


membrane Ethanol and heat shock?

DNA replication/synthesis
DNA has a lagging strand
3-5 and a leading strand 5-3 The 5 end matches with a 3 end in a double helix DNA replication occurs every 20 minutes in E. coli (widely used to reproduce DNA)

Copying DNA molecule Each DNA strand (double


helix) unzips itself Happens before cell division (mitosis and meiosis) Done in PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to make a lot of the same DNA (mass replication) for analysis through fingerprinting.

DNA replication

Mutations
Caused by chance,
genes, and environment
ultraviolet light tobacco/alcohol change in genetic coding of amino acids

Sickle cell anemia

Types
insertion deletion substitution inversion (flipping)

http://www.johnkyrk.com/meiosis.ht ml
Aneupliody change in number of
chromosomes leads to chromosomal disorders
Downs syndrome extra 21st chromosome Edwards syndrome three chromosome 18

50% die in uteuro 25% die by 2 months 5-10% survive 1 year.


Patau Syndrome trisomy (3) of chromosome 13 All other chromosomal abnormalities are fatal in uteuro

Transcription
DNA is copied to RNA T is changed to a U So then A bonds with a U
(Uracil) Proceeds in the 5-3 position mRNA leaves nucleus as a copy and codes for an amino acid (translation)

Translation
occurs within the
cytoplasm of cell tRNA transfer RNA decodes information from mRNA to produce amino acids 3 codons translate to an amino acid Translation animation

Amino Acid
A chain of nucleotides
makes a codon (3 letter word such as ATT, GCA Each codon makes an amino acid (20 essential Amino Acids) Stop codons means translation stops and a gene is complete

Genes
A string of codons codes
for several amino acids to form a gene A gene can be as short as 50 nucleotides and as long as 250 million. Humans have over 3 billion nucleotides or 1 billion codons Each gene codes for a certain trait.
Chromosome

Gene pairing
Every gene is paired by the gene of the
opposite sex Dominant or recessive (R) or (r) Heterozygous - carrier (different) - Rr Homozygous (same) rr or RR Dominant gene is expressed as phenotype Punnett Square

Punnett Square

Chromosomes
Macromolecule of DNA Contains many genes Usually contained in the
nucleus. Eukaryotic cells
mitochondria and chloroplasts contain chromosomes

Males have XY

Human cell 23 pairs of


chromosomes (23 from dad, 23 from mom)

chromosome Females have XX chromosome XYY has been attributed is a trait of several serial killers Sperm contains X or Y An X is always donated by a female and an X or a Y is donated by the male

Meiosis (haploid)
formation of a new individual by combining two
haploid sex cells (gametes sperm/egg) Fertilization genetic info from two separate cells (1/2 of original genetic info) both gametes are haploid 1 set of chromosomes combine as a zygote with 2 sets of chromosomes meiosis is a process to convert a diploid to a haploid gamete causing a change in genetic information to increase the diversity of offspring

Meiosis

Meiosis (haploid)

Meiosis I and II

Mitosis Animation

Mitosis
Natural Cloning
(replicates parent cell) Cell division

Law of Segregation
alleles are
responsible for traits from each parent are separated and are randomly combined with the other parent at fertilization. Parent provides one of the two genes for each trait

Law of Segregation
1. Alternative forms for
genes 2. Each trait inherits one alternative forms from each parent. Called alleles. 3. Gametes- allele pairs separate or segregate leaving only 1 allele for each trait. 4. When 2 alleles of a pair are different, one is dominant, one is recessive.

Law of Independent Assortment


allele pairs separate
independently during formation of gametes. Traits are transmitted to offspring independent of each other. Reason why there is diversity among siblings and organisms G green pod, g yellow Y Yellow seeds, g green
9:3:3:1 ratio when breeding 2 heterozygous traits (Dihybrid cross)

Genotype and Phenotype


Genotype genetic make up Phenotype physical traits Phenotype is expressed always by
dominant allele. Phenotype = Genotype + Environment
means that what something looks like depends on genetics AND environment!!!

Gel Electrophoresis

What is it?
Electrophoresis separates DNA and
Proteins using electricity through a porous material.
Movement of the DNA and Protein is a function of size.

DNA speed is based on size. Smaller is Faster and Bigger is slower.

Porous Material Used


Agarose (Natural Polysaccharide)
Most commonly used material in research. Polyacrylamide (Synthetic Material) Ideal when accuracy and precision are important.

DNA Visualization
Autoradiography
Radioisotopes

Intercalating Dyes
Ethidum Bromide

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